Toddlers

 

Gaining control: today the toilet, tomorrow the world.

There is no one who has more fun and more pain than a toddler. And, remarkably, the highs and lows are only microseconds apart. They’re up, they’re down, and back up again. What a fascinating age.

Here’s what is included in this lesson:

• Language development
• Strange Situation task
• Attachment
• Hallmarks
• Autism

 

Photo

Story

Mind Map

Notes

• Language Development
  • First Sounds
    • 1st Mont
      • Burps, grunts, sneezes et
      • Exercise vocal cord
      • Create dialogue with caregivers
    • 2 Months
      • Coo: primarily responding to “melody” of speech
      • Laugh out loud
      • Able to roll over
    • 3-4 Months
      • Consonant sounds created
      • Buh buh buh buh
      • Dah dah dah dah
      • Sleep through night
    • By 4 months
      • Infants & adults follow each other’s gaze
      • Adults label what is seen
      • Joint attention speeds up language development
    • 6 Months
      • Babbling
      • “prune” sounds not in language
      • Sit up (supported)
      • Baby food
      • Deaf infants fall behind in producing well-formed syllables
    • 8-9 Months
      • Babbling with an accent
      • Crawl & say “dada”
      • maybe “mama”
      • Small finely cut table food
  • Mastering Language
    • Joint Attention
      • Connecting words & things
      • Referent is entire object
      • Not just action
    • 10-12 months
      • Holophrases
      • Single word sentences
      • Naming Mama
      • Requesting Milk
      • Demanding Up!
    • By 1st year
      • Influence behavior of others
      • Use preverbal gestures
      • Some words
      • Infant games show conversational turn-taking
    • 12 months
      • Stand up & single words
      • Drink from a cup
      • 50% can walk
    • 18-24 months
      • Vocabulary spurt
      • Everything has a name
      • Overextensions (dog for any animal)
      • Underextensions (Kitty for family cat only)
  • Two Words At Once
    • Vocabulary builds
    • Slowly from 12 to18 mos.
    • Quickly from 18 to 24 mos.
    • 24 months
      • 200 words
      • Walking
      • Telegraphic speech (2-3 words)
        • Omit nonessentials
        • Daddy shoe
        • More cookie
  • Over-regularization
    • Over applying rules of grammar
    • Plurals and past tenses
    • I holded the rabbit
  • 1st Grade
    • Use 4000 words
    • Understand 8000 words
    • Able to share
    • Toys, food, activities
  • Remember: Comprehension Precedes Production
  • Girls ahead in early vocabulary
  • Parental Speech
    • Child-directed speech (CDS)
      • Aids language development
      • Children prefer CDS
      • Speak in short sentences
      • Use exaggerated expression
      • Very clear pronunciation
• Attachment
  • Observe that:
    • Infants seeks to be close
    • Follow you around
    • Cry when you’re gone
    • May not be species specific
  • Psychoanalytic explanation
    • Freud’s psychosexual theory
    • Assumes
      • Personality formed in 1st 2 yrs
      • Only happens in people
      • Mother is primary care giver
  • John Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment
    • Emotional tie with mother
    • Strong biological roots
    • 4 Phases
      • 1. Pre-attachment (0-6 weeks)
        • Bond with everyone
      • 2. Attachment-in-making (1½-8mo)
        • Prefer mother’s voice
        • Prefer mother’s face
      • 3. Clear-cut attachment (8-24mo)
      • 4. Reciprocal relationship (18-24+)
  • Measuring Security of Attachment
    • Mary Ainsworth
    • Strange Situation Task
      • 1-2 year olds
    • Procedure
      • 1. Parent-infant shown room
      • 2. Left alone
        • Parent sits, infant explores
      • 3. Stranger enters
        • Talks to parent, sits & reads
        • Approaches infant
        • Parent sneaks out
      • 4. First separation episode
        • Stranger tries to interest child in toys
        • Not block searching for Mom
      • 5. Parent enters
        • Greets & comforts infant
    • Second separation episode:
      • Parent-child together
      • Mother leaves
      • Infant is alone
      • Stranger enters & comforts
      • Mother enters & comforts
  • Conclusions
    • Secure attachment
      • 65% of North American infants
      • Use parent as secure base
      • May or may not cry
      • Prefer parent over stranger
      • At reunion, seek contact
    • Avoidant attachment
      • 20% of North American infants
      • Unresponsive to parent
      • Not distressed by separation
      • React to stranger same way
      • Fail to cling
    • Resistant attachment
      • 10-15% of infants
      • Seeks closeness, fail to explore
      • Upon return, angry, resistant, hitting & pushing
      • Not easily comforted
    • Disorganized/Disoriented
      • 5-10% of infants
      • Show great insecurity
      • Confused-contradictory behavior
      • Dazed facial expression
  • Criticisms
    • Categories add up to 110%?
  • Design Problems:
    • Mothers wanted to intro child to toys & room more
    • Strangers disliked baby crying
    • Inconsistent response to child
    • Reliability of rating scales varies
• Parental Style
  • Two components
    • Parental warmth: affection vs. rejection
    • Parental control: discipline vs. unsupervised
  • 4 Parental Styles
  • 1. Authoritative
    • High in both warmth & control
    • Predictable environment
    • Has most positive effects
    • Children do well in school, self-confident, & independent
  • 2. Authoritarian
    • Low in warmth, high in control
    • Controlling & demanding
    • Threats &punishment
    • Children are aggressive
    • Have conduct problems
  • 3. Permissive
    • High in warmth, low in control
    • No structure or predictability
    • Few limits on behaviors
    • Children are impulsive & immature
  • 4. Indifferent
    • Low in both warmth & control
    • Few limits & little attention
    • Children unsocial, disobedient & demanding
• Multiple Attachments
  • Bowlby believed nfants predisposed to one attachment figure
  • Preference declines by age 3
  • Traditional
  • Mother as caregiver
  • Father as playmate
• Autism
  • Developmental disorder
    • Diagnosed 1-3 years old
    • Symptoms by 18 months
    • Seek help about 24 months
    • Social & communication skills
  • Symptoms
    • Boys more than girls
    • Difficulty with pretend play
    • Poor social interactions
    • Poor verbal & nonverbal skills
    • Lack of empathy
    • Overly sensitive to $
    • Refuse to wear “itchy” clothes
    • Distress if routines changed
    • Repeated body movements
    • Unusual attachment to objects
    • Vary from moderate to severe
    • Not startle at loud noises
    • Heightened response to sounds
    • Miss language milestones:
    • Babbling by 12 months
    • Wave bye-bye by 12 months
    • Say single words by 16 months
    • 2-word phrases by 24 months (not just echoing)
  • Causes
    • Unknown
    • Genetics
    • Identical twins are much more likely than fraternal twins
    • Relatives more like to have:
      • Language abnormalities
      • Chromosomal abnormalities
    • Diet?
      • Some parents try:
        • Gluten-free diet
        • Casein-free diet (milk-cheese)
    • Mercury poisoning?
    • Inability to properly use vitamins and minerals?
    • Vaccines
      • Not the cause
      • Can take single-dose forms
      • Don’t contain added mercury
    • Mirror Neurons in Autism
      • No empathy
  • Generally includes:
    • Asperger’s (good language skills)
    • Rett syndome (for girls)
    • Childhood disintegrative disorder
    • Learn and then lose skills
    • Atypical (misc.)

Terms

• Ainsworth, Mary
• Asperger’s syndrome
• attachment
• attachment figure
• Attachment Q-Sort = sort descriptions of child into categories of very-like to very-unlike
• attachment-in-making phase
• authoritarian parenting
• authoritative parenting
• autism
• autonomy versus shame and doubt = Erikson’s 2nd stage of development; virtue is will
• avoidant attachment
• babbling
• basic emotions = hypothetical list of simple emotions that are biologically encoded
• basic trust versus mistrust = Erikson’s 1st stage of development; virtue is hope
• Bowlby, John
• caregiver
• casein-free diet
• categorical self = Turner, assigning yourself to one of many levels of abstraction
• child-directed speech
• childhood disintegrative disorder
• chromosomal abnormalities
• clear-cut attachment phase
• compliance = immediate obedience, not to be confused with respect
• compliance category = aware of parent, can follow simple instructions
• comprehension
• consonant sounds
• conversational turn-taking
• coo
• delay of gratification = ability to delay action for larger reward
• demanding
• developmental disorder
• diet
• difficult child = Thomas & Chase; 10%, don’t like change, loud disapproval
• disorganized/disoriented attachment
• easy child = Thomas & Chase; 40%, cheerful, adapts easily
• effortful control = ability to self-regulate temperament
• emotional self-regulation = ability to adjust emotional response to environment
• empathy
• ethological theory of attachment
• first sounds
• genetics
• gluten-free diet
• goodness-of-fit model = Thomas & Chase; adapt environment to match child
• holophrases
• indifferent parenting
• inhibited, or shy, child = withdraw from novel stimuli, negative response
• interactional synchrony = caregiver & baby respond to each other’s emotional cues
• internal working model = expectations of availability of help
• itchy clothes
• joint attention
• language abnormalities
• language development
• mercury poisoning
• milestones
• mirror neurons
• multiple attachments
• naming
• overextensions
• over-regularization
• parental control
• parental styles
• parental warmth
• permissive parenting
• playmate
• pre-attachment phase
• pretend play
• preverbal gestures
• production
• pronunciation
• prune
• psychoanalytic
• reciprocal relationship phase
• requesting
• resistant attachment
• Rett syndrome
• secure attachment
• secure base = toddlers use familiar people as refuge from explorations
• self-conscious emotions = more than basic emotions: shame, pride, guilt, embarrassed
• self-recognition = see self in mirror or baby in mirror
• sensitive caregiving = prompt response to infant’s needs
• separation anxiety = upset when caregiver leaves
• separation episode
• single word sentences
• single words
• sit up (supported)
• sleep through night
• slow-to-warm-up child = Thomas & Chase; 10%, inactive, low-key reactions
• sociable child (uninhibited child) = approach novel stimuli, positive reaction
• social interaction
• social referencing = look at others to see how should react
• social smile = at 8 weeks, broad grin at parents
• species specific
• stand up & single words
• Strange Situation Task
• stranger anxiety = at 10 months, afraid of unfamiliar people, warm up to them
• telegraphic speech
• temperament = hypothesized biological reactivity, appears early, activity level
• toddlers
• two-word phrases
• underextensions
• uninhibited child (sociable child) = approach novel stimuli, positive reaction
• unusual attachment
• vaccines
• vocabulary
• vocabulary spurt
• wave bye-bye

Quiz

• 1. Who is the “father” of attachment theory?
  • a.           John Bowlby
  • b.           Carl Rogers
  • c.           Albert Ellis
  • d.           Aristotle
• 2. What are single word sentences:
  • a.           response-demand speech
  • b.           semi-globalizations
  • c.           empathic speech
  • d.           holophrases
• 3. You should consider autism if a child is not babbling by:
  • a.           3 months
  • b.           6 months
  • c.           9 months
  • d.           1 year
• 4. When parents and child are looking at the same object it’s:
  • a.           reciprocal attachment
  • b.           insecure attachment
  • c.           heart warming
  • d.           joint attention
• 5. “I holded the rabbit” is an:
  • a.           emphatic speech
  • b.           underextension
  • c.           overregulation
  • d.           overextension

Answers

• 1. Who is the “father” of attachment theory?
  • a.           John Bowlby
  • b.           Carl Rogers
  • c.           Albert Ellis
  • d.           Aristotle
• 2. What are single word sentences:
  • a.           response-demand speech
  • b.           semi-globalizations
  • c.           empathic speech
  • d.           holophrases
• 3. You should consider autism if a child is not babbling by:
  • a.           3 months
  • b.           6 months
  • c.           9 months
  • d.           1 year
• 4. When parents and child are looking at the same object it’s:
  • a.           reciprocal attachment
  • b.           insecure attachment
  • c.           heart warming
  • d.           joint attention
• 5. “I holded the rabbit” is an:
  • a.           emphatic speech
  • b.           underextension
  • c.           overregulation
  • d.           overextension

Summary

Bonus

Photo credit

 

Photo by Kelli McClintock on Unsplash