When we encounter one thing at a time, we can focus all of our attention on it. We can devote our effort to remembering all of its aspects and characteristics. Similarly, learning one thing is easy. To remember George Washington’s middle is Clyde, we repeat over and over. Clyde. Clyde. Clyde. Clyde.
The method works well. Now, George Washington didn’t have a middle name but we still are likely to recall this erroneous fact in the future. Repetition matters. The more often you see a company’s name, the more likely you are to recall it later. Repetition matters.
Terms
- advertising
- associated pairs
- backward chaining
- blocking
- bonds
- Calkins, Mary
- chunking
- classical conditioning
- cluster
- conditioned response
- conditioned stimulus
- cue
- distinctiveness
- Ebbinghaus, Hermann
- emotional block
- flash cards
- forward chaining
- free recall
- frequency
- Galton, Francis
- intelligence
- Jung, Carl
- linguistic patterns
- LMNOP
- long-term memory
- meaningful units
- memory
- multiple memory systems
- nodes
- paired associates
- paired word associations
- pairs
- performance
- primacy
- prompt
- recall
- recognition
- recognition errors
- reflex
- repression
- response
- right associates
- sentence completion
- serial learning
- serial position effect
- serial recall
- short-term memory
- S-R bond
- stimulus
- timed responses
- total time hypothesis
- trigger
- unconditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus
- unidirectional
- vividness
- vonRestroff effect
- word association games
- word associations
Quiz
1. Who first used sentence completion tasks:
- Ebbinghuas
- Calkins
- Plato
- Jung
2. Word associations are stored
- as a single unit
- in peripheral memory
- in separate locations
- for 48 hours
3. Galton used word associations and:
- timed the responses
- emotional blocks
- clustering
- ablation
4. Word associations are linguistic patterns composed of:
- nodes
- vividness
- repression
- flash cards
5. Mary Calkins paired numbers and:
- colors
- CVCs
- CCCs
- bonds
1. Who first used sentence completion tasks:
- Ebbinghuas
- Calkins
- Plato
- Jung
2. Word associations are stored
- as a single unit
- in peripheral memory
- in separate locations
- for 48 hours
3. Galton used word associations and:
- timed the responses
- emotional blocks
- clustering
- ablation
4. Word associations are linguistic patterns composed of:
- nodes
- vividness
- repression
- flash cards
5. Mary Calkins paired numbers and:
- colors
- CVCs
- CCCs
- bonds
Companies, of course, you do more than remember their name. They want you to buy the product. Or, at least, to thinking favorably of it. To achieve this goal, they pair their product and a beautiful woman (or a product and a beautiful man). The idea is that when you think of one, you’ll think of the other.
Here are 5 things we’ll cover:
- Single items
- Free association vs. focus
- Paired associates
- Paired associate tasks
- Association applications
1. Single items
- repetition
- cluster
2. Free association vs. focus
Freud
-
- unstructured
- not sure what it reveals
focused
-
- meditation
3. Paired Associates
Ebbinghaus
-
- sentence completion
Galton
-
- word associations
- timed responses
Jung
-
- emotional block
- repression
Linguistic patterns
-
- nodes
Word association games
-
- learned as single unit
4. Calkins, Mary
- studied frequency, vividness & recency
- paired colors and numbers
- frequency has the largest effect of memory
- vividness has an effect on memory
- if vividness is kept constant, recency is the best predictor of performance
- the most recent pairings are remembered best
- short-term memory
- unidirectional bonds
- Ebbinghaus’ total time hypothesis
- the more times you see a stimulus, the easier it is to remember it
- vonRestroff effect
- distinctiveness breaks the list up into small lists
5. Association Applications
- flash cards
- using associations in class
- organize personality theories by theorist
- learn a new fact about dopamine, more difficult to find build-in associations
- generate them yourself
- marketing and advertising
- Coca-Cola wants you to associate the design on its can with fun
- Pink wants you to associate its name with good merchandise
- word pairs seem to be stored as a single unit
- LMNOP
- bonds between words tend to be unidirectional
- types of recognition errors
- First we store a dimension, then we refine it
- We remember it is a direction (up-down or left-right) and later learn the specific pole
