Captain Psychology

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Intelligence Notes

There are several theories about intelligence. Some are quite old.

Outline

  • Key Concepts in Psychological Testing
    • Psychological Test – Standardized Measure of a Sample of a Person’s Behavior.
    • Used to Measure Individual Differences.
    • Types of Tests
      • Mental Ability Tests
      • Intelligence Tests – Measure General Mental Ability.
      • Aptitude Tests – Measure Specific Types of Mental Abilities.
      • Verbal Reasoning, Perceptual Speed, Accuracy, etc.
      • Achievement Test – Measure a Person’s Mastery and Knowledge of Various Subjects.
      • Reading English, History, etc.
      • Personality Tests – Measure Various Aspects of Personality, including Motives, Interests, Values, and Attitudes.
    • Standardizing & Norms
      • Standardization – Uniform Procedures used in the Administration and Scoring of a Test.
      • Test Norms – Provide Information about Where a Score on a Psychological Test Ranks in Relation to other Scores on that Test.
      • Percentile Score – Indicates the Percentage of People who Score at or Below the Score one has Obtained.
      • Reliability – Measurement of Consistency of a Test (Or to Other Kinds of Measurement Techniques.)
        • Correlation Coefficient – A Numerical Index of the Degree of Relationship between 2 Variables.
        • Closer to +1.00, the More Reliable Test is.
      • Validity – Ability of a Test to Measure what it was Designed to Measure.
        • Refers to Accuracy of Inferences or Decisions based on Test.
        • Content Validity – The Degree to which the Content of a Test is Representative of the Domain it’s supposed to Cover.
        • Criterion-Related Validity – Estimated by Correlating Subject’ Scores on a Test with their Scores on an Independent Criterion (Another Measure) of the Trait assessed by the Test.
        • Construct Validity – The Extent to which Evidence Shows that a Test Measures a Particular Hypothetical Construct.
    • Evolution of Intelligence Testing
    • Sir Francis Galton
      • Intelligence is Governed by Heredity. Nature.
      • Success Runs in Families.
      • Coined Phrase “Nature vs. Nurture.
      • Wrote “Hereditary Genius” (1869)
    • Alfred Binet
      • First Mental Intelligence Test in 1905.
      • Designed Tests for Schools in France for Students.
      • Mental Age – Indicates that He/She Displays the Mental Ability Typical of a Child of that Age.
      • Intelligence Increases with Development. Nurture.
    • Lewis Terman & Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
      • Lewis Terman
      • Revised Binet Tests in 1916.
      • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – A Child’s Mental Age divided by Chronological Age, Multiplied by 100.
      • Makes it Possible to Compare Children of Different Ages.
    • David Wechsler
      • Improved IQ Tests for Adults.
      • Idealized Verbal & Nonverbal IQ’s.
    • Intelligence Testing Today
      • Individual Tests & Group Tests Today.
      • Most likely Score Higher on Group Test.
      • Basic Questions: Intelligence Testing
      • IQ Questions are Diverse, Require to Furnish Information, Recognize Vocabulary, Figure Patterns, Demonstrate Memory.
    • Meaning of IQ Scores
      • Normal Distribution – Symmetric, Bell-Shaped Curve that Represents the Pattern in Which Many Characteristics are Dispersed in the Population.
      • Deviation IQ Scores – Locate Subjects Precisely within the Normal Distribution, Using Standard Deviation as the Unit of Measurement.
      • Modern IQ Scores Indicate exactly where you Fall in the Normal Distribution of Intelligence.
    • IQ Tests Measure a Blend of Potential & Knowledge.
      • IQ Tests are Exceptually Reliable, But Can still yield Unrepresentative Scores.
    • Intelligence Tests & Adequate Validity
      • IQ Tests are Reasonably Valid Indexes of Academic Intelligence.
      • IQ Tests do not Measure all of Mental Ability.
    • 3 Types of Intelligence
      • Verbal Intelligence
      • Practical Intelligence
      • Social Intelligence
    • Intelligence Tests & Success
      • People who Score High on IQ Tests are more Likely than those who Score Low to End-Up in High-Status jobs.
      • Debate About whether IQ Tests make Better Employees.
    • IQ Tests & Other Cultures
      • IQ Tests are More of a Western Idea.
    • Extremes of Intelligence
      • Mental Retardation – Sub-Average General Mental Ability Accompanied by Deficiencies in Adaptive Skills, Originating Before are 18.
        • 2%-3% Of School Age Children are Mentally Retarded.
      • Ranges of Retardation
        • Mild = 51-70 IQ
        • Moderate = 36 – 50 IQ
        • Severe = 20-35 IQ
        • Profound = Below 20 IQ
      • Origins of Retardation
        • Down Syndrome = Mild to Severe Retardation.
        • Too Much Fluid in Cerebrospinal Area could Cause Retardation.
      • Problems in Early Childhood Could Cause Retardation.
    • Giftedness
      • Upper 2%-3% In IQ Distribution are Gifted.
      • Personal Qualities of “Gifted”
      • Average IQ around 130
      • Above Average in Height, Weight, Strength, Physical Health, Emotional Adjustment, Mental Health, and Social Maturity.
      • Above Average in Social & Emotional Development.
      • Ellen Winner – Profoundly Gifted People (IQ = 180 or Above) Are often Introverted and Socially Isolated.
      • Emotional Problems in this Group are Twice as Much as Average.
      • Giftedness & Achievement in Life
      • Rarer Giftedness Makes lasting Contributions to the World.
      • Depends on 3 Factors in the Individual.
        • High Intelligence
        • High Creativity
        • High Motivation
    • Drudge Theory of Exceptional Achievement – Eminence Primarily or Partially Relies upon…
      • Dogged Determination
      • Endless/Tedious Practice
      • Outstanding Mentoring & Training
      • Quality Training, Monumental Effort, and Perseverance are Crucial Factors in Greatness.
    • Heredity & Environment as Determinants of Intelligence
      • Early Studies believed Heredity Influenced Intelligence Only.
      • Both Heredity and Environment Influence Intelligence.
      • Evidence for Hereditary Influence
      • Twin Studies are Best Way to Study Role of Heredity in Intelligence.
        • Identical Twins are Closer Related in Intelligence than Fraternal Twins.
          • Supports Idea Intelligence is Inherited.
          • Influence of Heredity increases with Age
        • Heritability Ratio – An Estimate of the Proportion of Trait Variability in a Population that is Determined by Variations in Genetic Inheritance.
        • Evidence for Environmental Influence
          • Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis – Environmental Deprivation led to Predicted Erosion of IQ Scores.
      • Flynn Effect – IQ Performance has been Rising Steadily all Over the Industrialized World Since 1930’s/
    • Heredity & Environment
      • Sandra Scarr
      • Heredity Sets Limits for Intelligence, Environment Determines where Individual Falls in These Limits.
      • Reaction Range – Genetically Determined Limits on IQ.
    • Cultural Differences in IQ Scores
      • Average IQ for Minority Groups is Lower than Average IQ for Whites.
      • Explanations are Heritability, Socioeconomic Disadvantages, Stereotype Vulnerability, and Cultural Bias on IQ Tests.
    • Arthur Jenson – Argued that differences in Cultural IQ Scores had somewhat to do with Heredity.
      • Also Idealized Bell Curve.
    • New Directions in Assessment & Study of Intelligence
      • Arthur Jensen – Studies Show a Correlation between Raw Mental Speed and Intelligence. (.3)
      • Head Size is a Very Crude Index of Intelligence. (.15)
      • Brain Mass is a Debatable Measure of IQ. (.35)
      • Investigating Cognitive Processes in Intelligent Behavior
    • Robert Steinberg
      • Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence
      • Contextual Sub-Theory – Intelligence is a Culturally Defined Concept.
      • Experimental Sub-Theory – Intelligence deals with Learning new Tasks and Associating with Old Tasks.
      • Componential Sub-Theory – Three Types of mental Processes that Intelligent Though Depends on.
      • Analytical Intelligence – Abstract Reasoning, Evaluation, and Judgment.
      • Creative Intelligence – Ability to Generate new Ideas and be Inventive with New Problems.
      • Practical Intelligence – Ability to deal Effectively with Kinds of Problems people deal with in Everyday Life.
      • Tacit Knowledge – What One Needs to know to Work Efficiently in an Environment that is not taught or Verbalized.
    • Expanding the Concept of Intelligence
      • Howard Gardner
      • “List of Multiple Intelligencies.”
      • Logical/Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily/Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist.
    • Measuring Emotional Intelligence
      • Emotional Intelligence – Ability to Perceive and Express Emotion, Assimilate Emotion in Thought, Understand and Reason with Emotion, and Regulate Emotion.

 

‘There are two great principles of psychology: people have a tremendous capacity to change, and we usually don’t.”   Ken Tangen