Story
There are five things we are going to look at:
- History
- Individual
- Group
- Somatic
- Therapist Types
Hinors
Day 21: Treatments
How we can help others.
Outline
- History
- Evil Spirits
- The mentally ill were seen as possessed
- Evil Spirits
- Trephining
- an early form of treatment that was supposed to let the spirits escape
- making holes in the skull
- Middle Ages
- Hippocrates (Greece 500 B.C.) and Galen (Rome 200 A.D.) thought that mental illness had biological roots
- Europeans still returned to belief in demon possession
- mentally ill persecuted
- Enlightenment
- Philippe Pinel (France) and Dorothea Dix (U.S.)
- fought for humane treatment of the mentally ill
- helped the development of kinder institutions
- Deinstitutionalization
- 1950s
- development of drugs for the mentally ill
- many people were released from mental institutions
- intended to save money and benefit patients
- many were unable to care for themselves
- Preventative Efforts
- Primary prevention
- attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems that give rise to mental health issues
- Secondary prevention
- working with people at risk for developing specific problems
- Tertiary prevention
- aim to keep people’s mental health issues from becoming more severe
- Primary prevention
- Types of Therapy
- Overview
- Psychotherapy
- psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive psychologists
- Somatic treatments
- biomedical
- ex. drugs
- biomedical
- Patients vs. clients
- patients go to
- biomedical psychologists, psychoanalysts
- clients go to
- other therapists
- patients go to
- Psychoanalytic Theories
- Psychoanalysis
- a therapeutic technique developed by Freud
- focuses on identifying the underlying causes of a problem
- Other therapies lead to symptom substitution
- after treated for one disorder, a new psychological problem arises
- Hypnosis
- patients are less likely to repress thoughts
- Free association
- say whatever comes to mind without thinking
- supposed to elude the ego’s defenses
- Dream analysis
- patients asked to describe their dreams
- manifest content
- what the patient reports
- latent content
- the interpreted underlying meaning
- Resistance
- protecting yourself from the painful process of psychoanalysis
- ex. disagreeing with your therapist’s interpretations
- Transference
- patients redirect strong emotions felt towards others with whom they’ve had a troubling relationship onto the therapist
- Insight therapies
- highlight the importance of the patient gaining an understanding of his problems
- Humanistic Therapies
- Strive to self-actualize
- Beliefs
- people are innately good
- people have free will
- determinism- opposite
- Client/Person-centered therapy
- therapist must provide unconditional positive regard
- non-directive
- therapists don’t tell clients what to do
- help clients choose course of action
- active listening
- Gestalt therapy
- clients encouraged to get in touch with whole selves
- stress importance of present
- integrate actions, feelings, thoughts into a whole
- Existential therapies
- focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives
- Behavioral Therapies
- Counterconditioning
- Mary Cover Jones
- an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one
- Systematic desensitization
- Joseph Wolpe
- teach the client to eliminate anxiety through relaxation
- construct anxiety hierarchy
- a rank-ordered list of what the clients fears, from least to most
- in vivo desensitization
- the client confronts feared objects or situations
- covert desensitization
- client imagines the feared stimuli
- climb the hierarchy, using counterconditioning to replace fear with relaxation
- Mary Cover Jones
- Counterconditioning
- Flooding
- the client addresses the most frightening scenario first
- Modeling
- client watches someone else interact with feared object
- client reenacts what he saw
- Aversive conditioning
- pairs a habit the client wants to break with an unpleasant stimulus
- Operant conditioning
- uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior
- ex. token economy
- Cognitive Therapies
- Concentrate on changing unhealthy thought patterns
- Cognitive therapy
- most often used to treat depression
- aims to engage clients in pursuits that will bring them success
- make beliefs about cognitive triad more positive
- Aaron Beck
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBTs)
- Rational emotive behavior therapy
- REBT/RET
- Albert Ellis
- goals
- show client that his failure is unlikely
- show that even if client does fail, it wouldn’t be a big deal
- expose and confront the client’s dysfunctional thoughts
- Group Therapy
- Family therapy
- Meeting with a number of people experiencing similar difficulties
- Self-help groups
- don’t involve a therapist
- Somatic Therapies
- Therapies that produce bodily changes
- Psychopharmacology/ Chemotherapy
- drug therapy
- more likely to be used for severe disorders
- especially schizophrenia
- Antipsychotic drugs
- block receptor sites for dopamine
- used for schizophrenia
- ex. Thorazine, Haldol
- side effect
- tardive dyskinesia (muscle tremors)
- Chemotherapy
- used for mood disorders
- increase serotonin activity
- lithium- for manic phase of BPD
- for unipolar depression:
- tricyclic antidepressants
- monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
- serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs
- Barbiturates
- antianxiety drugs
- types
- Miltown
- benzodiazepines
- ex. xanax, valium
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- bilateral
- electric current passed through both brain hemispheres
- unilateral
- electrical current through one hemisphere
- more effective
- worse side effects
- memory loss
- brief seizure
- brief loss of consciousness
- used for depression when other methods fail
- less common than chemotherapy
- Psychosurgery
- rarest treatment
- last resort
- purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior
- prefrontal lobotomy
- cutting the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe
- calms behavior
- makes you a vegetable
- Kinds of Therapists
- Psychiatrists
- Can prescribe meds
- Less trained in psychotherapy
- Clinical Psychologists
- earn Ph.D.s that require at least 4 years of study
- Counseling Psychologists
- Graduate degree in psychology
- Deal with less severe problems
- Psychoanalysts
- Trained in Freudian methods
- Don’t need medical degree
Get Prepared
To do well in this class it is important that you come to class prepared. Class is to help clarify the material. It is not the primary delivery system.
Before coming to class, here is what you need to do. Read the assigned posts, articles and book chapters. Watch the videos. And get an overview of the material with a mind map. It will help you understand how the components relate to each other.
Take notes on all of this material. Come up with three questions you want to ask. Submit your two questions on Canvas and get two points. Ask one in class, if I don’t cover it.
Mind Map
A mind is a diagram of information. It helps you see hierarchies, paths and interrelationships. Mind maps have a circle in the middle and spokes that radiate out. All of the arms relate back to the central point but can intersect with each other. They can be simple or quite complex.
Here is the TOPIC mind map.
Videos
Some things are better presented in video. Films can cover the same material as a book but produce vastly different experiences. I’m disable with poor vision, so TV, films and videos work much better for me. My doctoral program would have been much easier if journal articles had been made into movies.
Here are the LINK TO videos.
Readings
Some things are better presented in words. I’m sorry I don’t have audio recordings of all the material you need to cover. But I’ve had pretty good luck getting my computer to read to me.
If you happened to be one of those sighted folk, you’ll find these sources even easier to access.
In general, read these quickly, like a novel. I’ll tell you what you need to know. These readings are to give you another voice, the same material but presented in different way.
Here they are the assigned readings in order of importance:
- A
- B
- 3
- And
Class
Go to class.
Five Things To Know
Here are 5 things you need remember from this class session. Each class covers a lot of material but I want you to focus on only a few items. Everything is valuable but some things are more important
Read all of the supplemental material you want. Explore everything that catches your fancy but here are five things you need to know:
- History
- Individual
- Group
- Somatic
- Therapist Types
Notes
Here are the class notes for TOPIC.
Key Terms
Here are the terms you need to know about TOPIC.
Quiz
It is important to check your progress. Here’s a short quiz for you: TOPIC Quiz
Discussion
Check on Canvas to see if there is a discussion due.
Progress Check
Check on Canvas to see if there is a progress check due this week.
Links to Explore
If you want more information on this topic, here are some links to sites you that might interest you.
These are starting places for you, not destinations. Read the posts, look at the resources listed in them and then read those articles. Enjoy!
- Wikipedia:
- And
Summary
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Credit: Photo by Martha Dominguez de Gouveia on Unsplash
