- Developmental Characteristics
- Science of Change
- Start of Life
- Early Childhood
- Childhood
- Adolescence
- Pre-tene
- Puberty
- Personal Identity
- Suicide
- Early Adult
- Schizophrenia
- College & Career
- Marriage & Kids
- Adulthood
- Elderly
- End of L8fe
- When Does Life End
- Death & Dying
Things To Explore
Honors
This is the study of life, from its start to its end. It includes prenatal and post-death issues.
Outline
Color game; shape game
False-belief task (Sally-Anne)
Smarties task
- Hallmarks
- 1st Month
- Burps, grunts, sneezes Exercise vocal cords
- dialogue with caregivers
- 2 months
- Coo
- Primarily responding to “melody” of speech
- Laugh out loud
- Able to roll over
- 3-4 months
- Consonant sounds
- Buh buh buh buh
- Dah dah dah dah
- Sleep thru night
- Infants & adults follow each other’s gaze
- Adults label what seen
- Joint attention
- speeds up language development
- Consonant sounds
- 6 months
- babbling
- “prune” sounds not in language
- Sit up (supported)
- Baby food
- Phoneme pruning
- Screen out if not in language
- Japanese can discriminate between /r/ & /l/ when babies
- By 1 year old, don’t
- Discard if don’t need sound
- Deaf infants fall behind in producing well-formed syllables
- 9 months
- Crawl & say “dada”
- maybe “mama”
- Babbling with accent
- finely cut table food
- Mastering Language
- Joint Attention
- Connecting words & things
- Referent is entire object
- Not just action
- By 1st year
- Influence behavior of others
- Use preverbal gestures
- Some words
- Infant games show conversational turn-taking
- 12 months
- Stand up & single words
- Drink from a cup
- 50% can walk
- Holophrases
- Single word sentences
- Naming Mama
- Requesting Milk
- Demanding Up!
- 18-24 months
- Vocabulary spurt
- Everything has a name
- Overextensions = Duck
- Over applying rules of grammar
- Plurals and past tenses
- I holded the rabbit
- Underextensions = Kitty
- family cat only
- 24 months
- Vocabulary builds
- Slowly from 12-18 mos.
- Quickly from 18 to 24 mos.
- 200 words
- Walking
- Telegraphic speech (2-3 words)
- Omit nonessentials
- Daddy shoe
- More cookie
- -3 words
- Vocabulary builds
- 3-year-olds:
- Use pronouns & prepositions
- Three-word sentences
- Plural words
- 4-year-olds:
- Understand size relationships
- follow 3-step command
- Count to four
- Name four colors
- Enjoy rhymes & word play
- Two words at once
- 1st grade
- Use 4000 word
- sunderstand 8000 words
- Able to share
- Toys, food, activities
- Comprehension proceeds production
- Girls ahead in early vocabulary
- Children prefer if
- Speak in short sentences
- Use exaggerated expression
- Very clear pronunciation
2. Skinner vs. Chomsky
- Two Approaches
- Skinner vs Chomsky
- Learned vs innate
- Reinforced vs language module
- Chance vs universal grammar
- Speed of acquisition
- # of samples
- Listen before talk
3. Three Studies of Interest
- Harlow, Harry
- 1932
- Maternal deprivation in monkeys
- Raised in nursery (lab) setting
- Not with mothers
- Wire mother vs Cloth mother
- Culture of that time advocated
- Limited contact with children
- Don’t spoil children
- Nursing isn’t important
- Tried to study depression
- Making monkey’s depressed
- Isolation chambers
- Up to 24 months
- Kept going beyond need
- Unethical
- Lorenz, Konrad
- 1935
- Goose eggs
- Half with mother
- Half with him
- Mischel, Walter
- Marshmallow experiments
- 1960-70s
- Stanford
- Preschooler strategies to resist temptation
- 4 year olds
- 2 options
- Ring and eat 1
- Wait & get 2
- Wait longest if “cool” distraction
- Cover eyes
- Hide under desk
- Sing songs
- Imagine pretzels instead of marshmallows
- Focus on cotton ball look
- Not gooey taste
- Pretend it was a picture of marshmallows
- Can’t eat a picture
- 1/3 waited 15-20 minutes
- Girls better than boys
- Developmental skill
- Re-evaluated as teenagers
- Higher SAT scores
- Higher social competence
- self-assuredness
- rated by parents as more mature
- able to cope with stress
- plan ahead
- use reason
- As adults
- less likely to have drug problems
- less divorces
- less overweight
- Thinking Fast and Slow
- Daniel Kahneman
- Cool strategies: Kahneman’s System 1
- Cognitive
- Complex and slow
- Frontal lobes & hippocampus
- Hot strategies: Kahneman’s System 2
- Emotional
- Simple and fast
- amygdala
4. Stage Theories
- Continuous or discrete
- Stage Theories
- Freud
- Erickson
- Kohlberg
- Piaget
- Jean Piaget
- 1896-1980
- moved to France (from Switzerland)
- Helped Alfred Binet develop IQ test
- But was more interested in why children consistently gave wrong answers
- Cognitive Development
- How children use experience to develop understanding of the world
- Sensorimotor stage
- Birth to 2 years
- Low competence in using images, language & symbols
- develop object permanence
- Peek-a-boo
- Believe if disappears does not exist
- Learn objects & people still exist, even if hidden
- Preoperational stage
- 2-7 years old
- Egocentric thought
- view world solely from own perspective
- Magical thinking
- My thoughts, wishes & actions cause things to happen
- I made mommy & daddy divorce
- I found the new house
- My thoughts, wishes & actions cause things to happen
- Assimilation
- Put everything in one category
- Filed under “ME”
- Learns language
- Learns conservation
- Quantity unrelated to appear
- Concrete operations stage
- 7 to 12 years
- Logical thought
- loss of egocentrism
- Accommodation
- Break into smaller categories
- Formal operations stage
- 12 years to adulthood
- Abstract thought
- Thinking like a scientist
- Piaget & Education Principles
- Discovery learning
- Active learning
- Readiness to learn
- Individual differences
- 3 A’s
- Adaptation (environmental)
- Repeated drop spoon
- Assimilation
- More info on current cards
- Accommodation
- More cards
- Adaptation (environmental)
- Processes
- Equilibrium
- Comfortable steady state
- use assimilation
- Disequilibrium
- Uncomfortable
- Use accommodation
- Equilibrium
- Piaget Summary
- Culture impacts cognitive develop
- Stages are in the right order
- In general, kids
- Think different
- Different structures (schemes)
- Criticisms
- Based on his children
- Question interpretations
- Trust data
- Even young infants know basic physics
- Drop something, it falls down, not up
- Objects can’t move thru objects
- Kids can be taught higher stage tasks
- Kids acquire sooner
- Object permanence by 3½ months
- Solve by analogy by 1 year
- Based on his children
