Biological psychology
Perception Quiz
Perception Terms
Perception Notes
There are five things we are going to look at:
- Sensation
- Gestalt
- Vision
- Rods & Cones
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Perception is a combination of sensation (collecting input stimuli) and the process of understanding what all the inputs mean.
- Sensation
- sensory input
- Hermann’s grid
- 1. Perception
- Organizing sensory input
- Interpreting sensory input
- Recognizing objects
- Extracting meaning
- Linear model
- perception
- recognition
- action
- stimulus
- transduction
- neural activity
- knowledge
- Not that simple
- Bottom-up
- Top-down
- Stroop Effect
- Red
- Orange
- Blue
- Green
- Stroop Effect
- Canonical Perspective
- Rat-Man art
- Cognitive Psych
- round hole; oval
- Gestalt
- Doesn’t translate easily to English
- configuration, form, holistic, structure, and pattern.
- How phenomena become organized into whole meaningful figures
- Visual perception is an active creation
- not merely the adding up of lines and movement.
- “The whole is different than the sum of it’s parts.”
- Max Wertheimer
- Challenge’s Wundt structuralism
- Perception is more than parts
- Phi Phenomenon
- Apparent motion effect
- 6 Gestalt principles
- phi phenomenon
- figure and ground
- Characteristics
- Bounded (closed)
- Symmetrical
- Brighter
- Smaller
- Convex
- Characteristics
- ClosureSee objects as whole
- Missing pieces are interpolated
- Similarity
- form
- angle
- Proximity
- Objects close to each other are associated together
- Pragnanz
- simplicity and regularity
- 3. Vision
- Light
- electromagnetic
- frequency
- wave length
- longer is slower
- color spectrum
- wave length
- amplitude = how tall wavewave height is
- intensity
- absorb and reflect
- Source
- see object’s reflection
- everything but purpole is absorbed
- relative distance
- color and smoothness
- Eye
- cornea (2/3 of eye’s focus)
- aqueous humor
- pupil
- iris
- lens
- vitreous humor
- dead spot
- Occipital lobe
- dorsal stream
- where you & things are
- temporal stream
- what you are seeing
- object recognition
- Inferior Temporal Cortex
- identifying objects
- Cells respond to physical
- Also to what viewer perceives
- Figure & background
- Respond same way even if change position, size and angle
- Identifying objects
- Important for shape constancy
- Face recognition
- fusiform gyrus of inferior temporal cortex
- Left = recognizes “face-like” features in objects
- Right = determines if actual face
- Faces
- Car model identification
- Bird species
- dorsal stream
- Rods & Cones
- 2 types of visual receptors
- 2 separate systems
- A. Scotopic
- Rods
- Black & white
- Poor quality
- Fast response, low light
- Target detection
- B . Photopic
- Cones
- Color
- High quality
- Slow, lots of light
- Target identification
- Rods
- Inside rods:
- cell nucleus
- fiber ending in a single end-bulb (a rod spherule)
- Connect to bipolar cells
- Many rods to one ganglion
- Spatial summation
- Rods are peripheral
- Low quality images
- Intensity & shades of gray
- Sensitive to lots of wavelengths
- Cones are centralized
- Day vision
- Target identification
- Slow processing
- High quality images
- Color
- Sensitive to specific wavelengths
- Structure
- Shorter, broader, and more tapered than rods
- Have no visual purple
- Contain 1 of 3 photopigments
- long
- medium
- short
- Each fovea cone
- Direct line to brain
- Exact location of point of light
- Inside rods:
- Light
- 4. Color
- Molecules absorb light
- Even molecules come in colors
- If hit by light, molecule changes
- Chromophore
- Form of Vitamin A
- Photons changes it shape
- Causes activation of large protein called an opsin
- Opsin Comparison
- Several types, similar process
- Rods
- Thermally stable
- Rhodopsin
- Cones
- Less stable
- Photopsins
- Long = Red region
- Medium = Green region
- Short = Blue region
- Respond to range of wavelengths
- Not just one color
- Varies with light intensity
- Different combos of 3 pigments
- Each cone detect all colors
- Level of energy need varies
- Color is pattern of photo receptor activity
- yellow: L more than M
- red: L much more than M
- Green is easy to see
- 3 Color receptors (plus B-W)
- Long = slow red light
- Medium = medium green light
- Short = fast blue light
- Rods = intensity
- Retina output
- 1.5 million ganglion cells
- fovea: some cones 1:1
- fovea edge: some cones 5:1
- periphery: thousands:1
- Spatially encodes images
- Filters & compresses data
- 100 times more receptors than ganglion cells
- Spontaneously firing base rate
- Increase rate = excitation
- Decrease rate = inhibition
- Molecules absorb light
- 5. Theories of color
- A. Trichromatic
- Young-Helmholtz Theory
- 3 types of cones
- doesn’t explain red-green color blindness
- doesn’t explain afterimage
- B. Opponent-Process Theory
- Paired opposites:
- white-black
- red-green
- yellow-blue
- Afterimages from fatiguing
- Prolonged stimulation
- doesn’t explain color constancy
- Paired opposites:
- C. Retinex Theory
- Recognize color as light changes
- Cortex compares inputs
- Determines appropriate bright
- A. Trichromatic
- A
- B
- Color Vision
Notes
Here are the class notes for TOPIC.
Perception is a combination of sensation (collecting input stimuli) and the process of understanding what all the inputs mean.
- Sensation
- sensory input
- Hermann’s grid
- 1. Perception
- Organizing sensory input
- Interpreting sensory input
- Recognizing objects
- Extracting meaning
- Linear model
- perception
- recognition
- action
- stimulus
- transduction
- neural activity
- knowledge
- Not that simple
- Bottom-up
- Top-down
- Stroop Effect
- Red
- Orange
- Blue
- Green
- Stroop Effect
- Canonical Perspective
- Rat-Man art
- Cognitive Psych
- round hole; oval
- Gestalt
- Doesn’t translate easily to English
- configuration, form, holistic, structure, and pattern.
- How phenomena become organized into whole meaningful figures
- Visual perception is an active creation
- not merely the adding up of lines and movement.
- “The whole is different than the sum of it’s parts.”
- Max Wertheimer
- Challenge’s Wundt structuralism
- Perception is more than parts
- Phi Phenomenon
- Apparent motion effect
- 6 Gestalt principles
- phi phenomenon
- figure and ground
- Characteristics
- Bounded (closed)
- Symmetrical
- Brighter
- Smaller
- Convex
- Characteristics
- ClosureSee objects as whole
- Missing pieces are interpolated
- Similarity
- form
- angle
- Proximity
- Objects close to each other are associated together
- Pragnanz
- simplicity and regularity
- 3. Vision
- Light
- electromagnetic
- frequency
- wave length
- longer is slower
- color spectrum
- wave length
- amplitude = how tall wavewave height is
- intensity
- absorb and reflect
- Source
- see object’s reflection
- everything but purpole is absorbed
- relative distance
- color and smoothness
- Eye
- cornea (2/3 of eye’s focus)
- aqueous humor
- pupil
- iris
- lens
- vitreous humor
- dead spot
- Occipital lobe
- dorsal stream
- where you & things are
- temporal stream
- what you are seeing
- object recognition
- Inferior Temporal Cortex
- identifying objects
- Cells respond to physical
- Also to what viewer perceives
- Figure & background
- Respond same way even if change position, size and angle
- Identifying objects
- Important for shape constancy
- Face recognition
- fusiform gyrus of inferior temporal cortex
- Left = recognizes “face-like” features in objects
- Right = determines if actual face
- Faces
- Car model identification
- Bird species
- dorsal stream
- Rods & Cones
- 2 types of visual receptors
- 2 separate systems
- A. Scotopic
- Rods
- Black & white
- Poor quality
- Fast response, low light
- Target detection
- B . Photopic
- Cones
- Color
- High quality
- Slow, lots of light
- Target identification
- Rods
- Inside rods:
- cell nucleus
- fiber ending in a single end-bulb (a rod spherule)
- Connect to bipolar cells
- Many rods to one ganglion
- Spatial summation
- Rods are peripheral
- Low quality images
- Intensity & shades of gray
- Sensitive to lots of wavelengths
- Cones are centralized
- Day vision
- Target identification
- Slow processing
- High quality images
- Color
- Sensitive to specific wavelengths
- Structure
- Shorter, broader, and more tapered than rods
- Have no visual purple
- Contain 1 of 3 photopigments
- long
- medium
- short
- Each fovea cone
- Direct line to brain
- Exact location of point of light
- Inside rods:
- Light
- 4. Color
- Molecules absorb light
- Even molecules come in colors
- If hit by light, molecule changes
- Chromophore
- Form of Vitamin A
- Photons changes it shape
- Causes activation of large protein called an opsin
- Opsin Comparison
- Several types, similar process
- Rods
- Thermally stable
- Rhodopsin
- Cones
- Less stable
- Photopsins
- Long = Red region
- Medium = Green region
- Short = Blue region
- Respond to range of wavelengths
- Not just one color
- Varies with light intensity
- Different combos of 3 pigments
- Each cone detect all colors
- Level of energy need varies
- Color is pattern of photo receptor activity
- yellow: L more than M
- red: L much more than M
- Green is easy to see
- 3 Color receptors (plus B-W)
- Long = slow red light
- Medium = medium green light
- Short = fast blue light
- Rods = intensity
- Retina output
- 1.5 million ganglion cells
- fovea: some cones 1:1
- fovea edge: some cones 5:1
- periphery: thousands:1
- Spatially encodes images
- Filters & compresses data
- 100 times more receptors than ganglion cells
- Spontaneously firing base rate
- Increase rate = excitation
- Decrease rate = inhibition
- Molecules absorb light
- 5. Theories of color
- A. Trichromatic
- Young-Helmholtz Theory
- 3 types of cones
- doesn’t explain red-green color blindness
- doesn’t explain afterimage
- B. Opponent-Process Theory
- Paired opposites:
- white-black
- red-green
- yellow-blue
- Afterimages from fatiguing
- Prolonged stimulation
- doesn’t explain color constancy
- Paired opposites:
- C. Retinex Theory
- Recognize color as light changes
- Cortex compares inputs
- Determines appropriate bright
- A. Trichromatic
Dreams
Dreams
- Sequence of
- Images, sensation, emotions
- Purpose = unknown
- Duration of second to 20 min.
- Get longer as night progresses
- More REM as night progresses
- 5-minute dream is about 5-minutes of story
- Don’t compress a day into 5 min.
- Remember if awakened in REM
- 3-5 dreams per night
- About 2 hrs per night
- Common
- Feel out of your control
- Except lucid self-aware dreams
- Can provide creative thoughts, problem solutions or inspiration
- REM has no release of:
- Monoamines
- Norepinephrine, serotonin & histamine
- Theories
- Ancient
- Fates and gods talking to you
- Unconscious Mind
- Sigmund Freud
- Unconscious wishes
- Threat-simulation theory
- Antti Revonsuo
- Prepare you for real life
- Evolutionary theory
- Activation Theory
- Hobson & McCarley
- Random neuron firings
- Ancient
- Random bits
- Blind People
- Congenital blind auditory only
- Some sight some visual dreams
- If see color dream in color
- Congenital blind
- 25% more nightmares
- Blind People
- All mammals experience REM
- dolphins lowest amount of REM
- humans are in the middle
- opossum and the armadillo most
Sleep Disorders
- 3. Sleep disorders
- Jet lag
- Don’t travel across time zones
- “Go west”, not east
- Called desynchronosis
- Alterations to circadian rhythms
- Sleep disorder
- May last several days
- Figure 1 day per time zone
- Out of synch w destination time
- contrary to accustomed rhythms
- times for eating, sleeping, hormone regulation and body temperature
- How long to adjust
- Varies greatly
- Cross 1-2 time zones no prob.
- Not linked to length of flight
- 10 hr flight within time zone okay
- Europe to southern Africa
- Trans-meridian distance (west–east)
- 5 hr flight from LA to NY
- International Date Line
- Maximum possible disruption is 12 hours plus or minus
- 10 hr flight within time zone okay
- Symptoms
- Headaches, irritability
- Fatigue, mild depression
- Sleep problems
- Digestive problems (constipation-diarrhea)
- To minimize effects
- Before the flight
- Ask doctor about meds
- Partially adapt
- Up an hour earlier
- Light box
- During flight
- Travel in smaller segments
- Overnight midway
- Set time to destination
- Sleep-wake
- Travel in smaller segments
- After flight
- Sunlight
- Eat on schedule
- Before the flight
- Most people have circadian period a little over 24 hours
- Easier to stay up later
- Harder to get up earlier
- Apnea
- During sleep
- Abnormal pauses in breathing (apnea)
- Abnormal low breathing (hypopnea)
- Each apnea can last
- Seconds to minutes
- 5-30 per hour
- Sleep Study = polysomnogram
- Most common in men; 2+x
- Can affect children too
- Symptoms
- excessive daytime sleepiness
- slower reaction time
- daytime fatigue
- vision problems
- Treatment
- CPAP machine
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
- pumps air into throat
- Turbinate surgery
- Grind down turbinates in nose
- Oral Appliance Therapy (OAT)
- Dental appliance; custom-made mouthpiece to shift lower jaw
- CPAP machine
- During sleep
- Insomnia
- Incidence
- 10% and 30% of adults
- 6% for more than 1 month
- More often in 65+
- More often in women
- Difficulty
- initiating sleep
- maintaining sleep
- wake up often
- can’t get back to sleep
- Wake up too early
- Clinical diagnosis
- 3+ nights per week
- 3+ months
- adequate opportunity for sleep
- not caused by other condition
- Types
- Transient insomnia
- less than a week
- often stress related
- Acute
- less than a month
- Chronic
- More than a month
- Transient insomnia
- Causes
- can be: high levels of stress hormone
- Symptoms
- Muscle weakness
- Hallucinations
- Double vision
- Incidence
- Narcolepsy
- Symptoms
- Excessive sleepiness
- Fall asleep at inappropriate times
- Work
- Driving
- Cataplexy
- Sudden muscular weakness
- when emotional
- Drop head, weak knees, collapse
- Slurred speech but normal hearing
- Often confused with insomnia
- REM within 5 minutes
- An hour before normal
- Possible genetic cause
- Treat with amphetamines
- Provigil or Nuvigil
- Symptoms
- RLS (restless leg syndrome)
- Willis-Ekbom disease
- Neurological disorder
- irresistible urge to move
- Involves
- usually legs
- can be arms, torso, head
- phantom limbs
- Temporary relief as long as move
- Sensations
- pain
- aching
- crawling feeling
- Circadium rhythm to them
- Time of day
- When relaxing or reading
- Usually also have
- periodic limb movement disorder
- Spectrum disorder
- minor annoyance
- major disruptions
- Primary RLS
- Idiopathic
- No known cause
- usually begins slowly
- before age 40–45
- can disappear for years
- Often progressive
- Gets worse with age
- Can occur in children
- misdiagnosed as growing pains
- Genetics
- 60%+ of cases
- autosomal dominant
- Idiopathic
- How it works
- Dopamine & iron systems
- low levels in cerebrospinal fluid
- levodopa
- cross blood-brain barrier
- Iron is essential for making L-dopa
- Four symptoms
- Urge to move limbs with or without sensations
- Improvement with activity
- Worsening at rest
- sitting for long time
- Worsening in the evening or night
- Clear circadian rhythm
- restlessness in evening and night
- No way to prevent it
- Drugs
- doesn’t cure
- side effects
- nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hypertension
- Related to periodic limb movement disorder
- Limbs jerk during sleep
- disrupted sleep
- Secondary RLS
- Characteristics
- Sudden onset
- After age 40
- Can be daily from beginning
- Caused by specific medical conditions
- iron deficiency 25% of cases
- extra iron 75% of cases
- Diseases
- Varicose veins
- magnesium deficiency
- fibromyalgia
- sleep apnea
- thyroid disease
- diabetes
- peripheral neuropathy
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Parkinson’s
- POTS
- Worse in pregnancy
- ADHD
- RLS & periodic limb movement
- Low levels of dopamine
- Medications can cause it
- Antihistamines
- Antidepressants
- Antipsychotics
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal
- Opioid withdrawal
- Treatment
- Rule out venous disorders
- Stretching, walking & moving
- vibrator
- leg massage
- hot baths & heating pads
- ferritin
- 60% will see improvement
- Dopamine agonist
- might cause symptoms earlier in the day
- Characteristics
- Jet lag
