Gaining control: today the toilet, tomorrow the world.
There is no one who has more fun and more pain than a toddler. And, remarkably, the highs and lows are only microseconds apart. They’re up, they’re down, and back up again. What a fascinating age.
Here’s what is included in this lesson:
- Language development
- Strange Situation task
- Attachment
- Hallmarks
- Autism
Photo
Story
Mind Map
Notes
- Language Development
- First Sounds
- 1st Mont
- Burps, grunts, sneezes et
- Exercise vocal cord
- Create dialogue with caregivers
- 2 Months
- Coo: primarily responding to “melody” of speech
- Laugh out loud
- Able to roll over
- 3-4 Months
- Consonant sounds created
- Buh buh buh buh
- Dah dah dah dah
- Sleep through night
- By 4 months
- Infants & adults follow each other’s gaze
- Adults label what is seen
- Joint attention speeds up language development
- 6 Months
- Babbling
- “prune” sounds not in language
- Sit up (supported)
- Baby food
- Deaf infants fall behind in producing well-formed syllables
- 8-9 Months
- Babbling with an accent
- Crawl & say “dada”
- maybe “mama”
- Small finely cut table food
- 1st Mont
- Mastering Language
- Joint Attention
- Connecting words & things
- Referent is entire object
- Not just action
- 10-12 months
- Holophrases
- Single word sentences
- Naming Mama
- Requesting Milk
- Demanding Up!
- By 1st year
- Influence behavior of others
- Use preverbal gestures
- Some words
- Infant games show conversational turn-taking
- 12 months
- Stand up & single words
- Drink from a cup
- 50% can walk
- 18-24 months
- Vocabulary spurt
- Everything has a name
- Overextensions (dog for any animal)
- Underextensions (Kitty for family cat only)
- Joint Attention
- Two Words At Once
- Vocabulary builds
- Slowly from 12 to18 mos.
- Quickly from 18 to 24 mos.
- 24 months
- 200 words
- Walking
- Telegraphic speech (2-3 words)
- Omit nonessentials
- Daddy shoe
- More cookie
- Over-regularization
- Over applying rules of grammar
- Plurals and past tenses
- I holded the rabbit
- 1st Grade
- Use 4000 words
- Understand 8000 words
- Able to share
- Toys, food, activities
- Remember: Comprehension Precedes Production
- Girls ahead in early vocabulary
- Parental Speech
- Child-directed speech (CDS)
- Aids language development
- Children prefer CDS
- Speak in short sentences
- Use exaggerated expression
- Very clear pronunciation
- Child-directed speech (CDS)
- First Sounds
- Attachment
- Observe that:
- Infants seeks to be close
- Follow you around
- Cry when you’re gone
- May not be species specific
- Psychoanalytic explanation
- Freud’s psychosexual theory
- Assumes
- Personality formed in 1st 2 yrs
- Only happens in people
- Mother is primary care giver
- John Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment
- Emotional tie with mother
- Strong biological roots
- 4 Phases
- 1. Pre-attachment (0-6 weeks)
- Bond with everyone
- 2. Attachment-in-making (1½-8mo)
- Prefer mother’s voice
- Prefer mother’s face
- 3. Clear-cut attachment (8-24mo)
- 4. Reciprocal relationship (18-24+)
- 1. Pre-attachment (0-6 weeks)
- Measuring Security of Attachment
- Mary Ainsworth
- Strange Situation Task
- 1-2 year olds
- Procedure
- 1. Parent-infant shown room
- 2. Left alone
- Parent sits, infant explores
- 3. Stranger enters
- Talks to parent, sits & reads
- Approaches infant
- Parent sneaks out
- 4. First separation episode
- Stranger tries to interest child in toys
- Not block searching for Mom
- 5. Parent enters
- Greets & comforts infant
- Second separation episode:
- Parent-child together
- Mother leaves
- Infant is alone
- Stranger enters & comforts
- Mother enters & comforts
- Conclusions
- Secure attachment
- 65% of North American infants
- Use parent as secure base
- May or may not cry
- Prefer parent over stranger
- At reunion, seek contact
- Avoidant attachment
- 20% of North American infants
- Unresponsive to parent
- Not distressed by separation
- React to stranger same way
- Fail to cling
- Resistant attachment
- 10-15% of infants
- Seeks closeness, fail to explore
- Upon return, angry, resistant, hitting & pushing
- Not easily comforted
- Disorganized/Disoriented
- 5-10% of infants
- Show great insecurity
- Confused-contradictory behavior
- Dazed facial expression
- Secure attachment
- Criticisms
- Categories add up to 110%?
- Design Problems:
- Mothers wanted to intro child to toys & room more
- Strangers disliked baby crying
- Inconsistent response to child
- Reliability of rating scales varies
- Observe that:
- Parental Style
- Two components
- Parental warmth: affection vs. rejection
- Parental control: discipline vs. unsupervised
- 4 Parental Styles
- 1. Authoritative
- High in both warmth & control
- Predictable environment
- Has most positive effects
- Children do well in school, self-confident, & independent
- 2. Authoritarian
- Low in warmth, high in control
- Controlling & demanding
- Threats &punishment
- Children are aggressive
- Have conduct problems
- 3. Permissive
- High in warmth, low in control
- No structure or predictability
- Few limits on behaviors
- Children are impulsive & immature
- 4. Indifferent
- Low in both warmth & control
- Few limits & little attention
- Children unsocial, disobedient & demanding
- Two components
- Multiple Attachments
- Bowlby believed nfants predisposed to one attachment figure
- Preference declines by age 3
- Traditional
- Mother as caregiver
- Father as playmate
- Autism
- Developmental disorder
- Diagnosed 1-3 years old
- Symptoms by 18 months
- Seek help about 24 months
- Social & communication skills
- Symptoms
- Boys more than girls
- Difficulty with pretend play
- Poor social interactions
- Poor verbal & nonverbal skills
- Lack of empathy
- Overly sensitive to $
- Refuse to wear “itchy” clothes
- Distress if routines changed
- Repeated body movements
- Unusual attachment to objects
- Vary from moderate to severe
- Not startle at loud noises
- Heightened response to sounds
- Miss language milestones:
- Babbling by 12 months
- Wave bye-bye by 12 months
- Say single words by 16 months
- 2-word phrases by 24 months (not just echoing)
- Causes
- Unknown
- Genetics
- Identical twins are much more likely than fraternal twins
- Relatives more like to have:
- Language abnormalities
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Diet?
- Some parents try:
- Gluten-free diet
- Casein-free diet (milk-cheese)
- Some parents try:
- Mercury poisoning?
- Inability to properly use vitamins and minerals?
- Vaccines
- Not the cause
- Can take single-dose forms
- Don’t contain added mercury
- Mirror Neurons in Autism
- No empathy
- Generally includes:
- Asperger’s (good language skills)
- Rett syndome (for girls)
- Childhood disintegrative disorder
- Learn and then lose skills
- Atypical (misc.)
- Developmental disorder
Terms
- Ainsworth, Mary
- Asperger’s syndrome
- attachment
- attachment figure
- Attachment Q-Sort = sort descriptions of child into categories of very-like to very-unlike
- attachment-in-making phase
- authoritarian parenting
- authoritative parenting
- autism
- autonomy versus shame and doubt = Erikson’s 2nd stage of development; virtue is will
- avoidant attachment
- babbling
- basic emotions = hypothetical list of simple emotions that are biologically encoded
- basic trust versus mistrust = Erikson’s 1st stage of development; virtue is hope
- Bowlby, John
- caregiver
- casein-free diet
- categorical self = Turner, assigning yourself to one of many levels of abstraction
- child-directed speech
- childhood disintegrative disorder
- chromosomal abnormalities
- clear-cut attachment phase
- compliance = immediate obedience, not to be confused with respect
- compliance category = aware of parent, can follow simple instructions
- comprehension
- consonant sounds
- conversational turn-taking
- coo
- delay of gratification = ability to delay action for larger reward
- demanding
- developmental disorder
- diet
- difficult child = Thomas & Chase; 10%, don’t like change, loud disapproval
- disorganized/disoriented attachment
- easy child = Thomas & Chase; 40%, cheerful, adapts easily
- effortful control = ability to self-regulate temperament
- emotional self-regulation = ability to adjust emotional response to environment
- empathy
- ethological theory of attachment
- first sounds
- genetics
- gluten-free diet
- goodness-of-fit model = Thomas & Chase; adapt environment to match child
- holophrases
- indifferent parenting
- inhibited, or shy, child = withdraw from novel stimuli, negative response
- interactional synchrony = caregiver & baby respond to each other’s emotional cues
- internal working model = expectations of availability of help
- itchy clothes
- joint attention
- language abnormalities
- language development
- mercury poisoning
- milestones
- mirror neurons
- multiple attachments
- naming
- overextensions
- over-regularization
- parental control
- parental styles
- parental warmth
- permissive parenting
- playmate
- pre-attachment phase
- pretend play
- preverbal gestures
- production
- pronunciation
- prune
- psychoanalytic
- reciprocal relationship phase
- requesting
- resistant attachment
- Rett syndrome
- secure attachment
- secure base = toddlers use familiar people as refuge from explorations
- self-conscious emotions = more than basic emotions: shame, pride, guilt, embarrassed
- self-recognition = see self in mirror or baby in mirror
- sensitive caregiving = prompt response to infant’s needs
- separation anxiety = upset when caregiver leaves
- separation episode
- single word sentences
- single words
- sit up (supported)
- sleep through night
- slow-to-warm-up child = Thomas & Chase; 10%, inactive, low-key reactions
- sociable child (uninhibited child) = approach novel stimuli, positive reaction
- social interaction
- social referencing = look at others to see how should react
- social smile = at 8 weeks, broad grin at parents
- species specific
- stand up & single words
- Strange Situation Task
- stranger anxiety = at 10 months, afraid of unfamiliar people, warm up to them
- telegraphic speech
- temperament = hypothesized biological reactivity, appears early, activity level
- toddlers
- two-word phrases
- underextensions
- uninhibited child (sociable child) = approach novel stimuli, positive reaction
- unusual attachment
- vaccines
- vocabulary
- vocabulary spurt
- wave bye-bye
Quiz
- 1. Who is the “father” of attachment theory?
- a. John Bowlby
- b. Carl Rogers
- c. Albert Ellis
- d. Aristotle
- 2. What are single word sentences:
- a. response-demand speech
- b. semi-globalizations
- c. empathic speech
- d. holophrases
- 3. You should consider autism if a child is not babbling by:
- a. 3 months
- b. 6 months
- c. 9 months
- d. 1 year
- 4. When parents and child are looking at the same object it’s:
- a. reciprocal attachment
- b. insecure attachment
- c. heart warming
- d. joint attention
- 5. “I holded the rabbit” is an:
- a. emphatic speech
- b. underextension
- c. overregulation
- d. overextension
Answers
- 1. Who is the “father” of attachment theory?
- a. John Bowlby
- b. Carl Rogers
- c. Albert Ellis
- d. Aristotle
- 2. What are single word sentences:
- a. response-demand speech
- b. semi-globalizations
- c. empathic speech
- d. holophrases
- 3. You should consider autism if a child is not babbling by:
- a. 3 months
- b. 6 months
- c. 9 months
- d. 1 year
- 4. When parents and child are looking at the same object it’s:
- a. reciprocal attachment
- b. insecure attachment
- c. heart warming
- d. joint attention
- 5. “I holded the rabbit” is an:
- a. emphatic speech
- b. underextension
- c. overregulation
- d. overextension
Summary
Bonus
Photo credit
Photo by Kelli McClintock on Unsplash
