Cerebellum: More Neuron In Less Space
Other Structures
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Corpus Callosum
Hippocampus
- Spatial Memory
- Hippocampal neurons
- spatially tuned
- to particular spatial locations
- Cab drivers
- Larger than normal posterior hippocampus
- When answering spatial Qs
- hippocampus activated
- Need to recall detail & context
- Recent memories have sig detail
- Recalling recent memories
- activates hippocampus
- Recalling older memories
- may not require hippocampus
- Hippocampal neurons
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Processes: Brain in action
Brain Waves
- brain waves
- beta
- alpha
- theta
- delta
- SMR (synchronous sensorimotor rhythm (inhibits movement)
- gamma (meaning & meditative awareness)
- REM
Patterns
- bottom up processing
- detect features
- put together
- form image
- recognize
- top down processing
- check for language
- words vs sounds
- Stroop effect
- Interpreting context
Movement
This is a good example of many parts of the body working together
- Primary Motor Cortex (con’
- Posterior parietal cortex
- Planning a movement
- Keeps track of body position
- Intention to move
- Damage causes
- trouble converting visual perceptions into actions
- trouble finding objects in space
- Supplemental Motor Region
- Plan-organize rapid sequences
- pushing, pulling, and then…
- Mirror Neurons
- Function
- Preparing to do movement
- Watching someone else do it
- Type of cell or function?
- Some innate
- Some acquired by experience
- Imitating & understanding others
- Modeling
- Plan-organize rapid sequences
- Posterior parietal cortex
- 2. Pre-Motor Cortex
- Preparing for movement
- Somewhat active during move
- Receives info about
- Where target is in space
- Current position of your body
- Damage
- Poorly planned movements
Cognition
Cognition includes thinking, problem solving, sensing and language. We use both hemispheres to perform these functions.
Brain localization is often overstated. Most people have language stored in the left hemisphere but it doesn’t mean that the right hemisphere isn’t also functioning. There are few clear-cut distinctions. We use the whole brain.
Language and thought are difficult to research. Much of our knowledge comes from individuals who have had injuries, strokes or other impairments. Putting together a coherent theory from a model of disable people is hard.
Intelligence
Our definition of “brain” has changed of the last few years. Now, your car, house and washing machine are “smart” and run by an electronic brain. But artificial intelligence isn’t the only kind of intelligence there is.
Intelligence
Animal
Human
Artificial
- Rube Goldberg
- Turing test
- Doesn’t show understanding
- mindless manipulation of symbols
- phone
- Neural networks
- Collection of algorithms
- Try to recognize patterns
- labeling
- clustering
- similarity detection
- Real-world data is translated into vectors
- Predictions with linear regression
- Deep learning networks
- multilayer (more than 1 layer)
- must pass through more nodes
- cluster 1 million photos
- cats, cars, citrus
- automatic feature extraction
- trained on labeled data
- run on unlabeled data
- Big Blue didn’t recognize decades
Learning
Memory
Learning and memory go together. And you already know how to use them. You use them all the time.
A great learning theorist (me) has said there are only three types of things you can learn: facts, concepts and behaviors. Each uses a different part of the brain and require different techniques. But they all work together.
Facts was difficult to remember if they are unstructured. Ebbinghaus showed that we forget lists of unrelated words very quickly. This tells us that to remember facts (the kind of things that appear on tests) organizing them into clusters and meaningful units is really important.
Attack and escape behaviors and related to fear and anxiety. Anxiety disorders are an extension or over-activation of our normal processes.
Conceptual learning refers to our ability to learn rules. When you are three years old, you can learn a rule but have difficulty changing to a new rule. When you are four years old, you can use different rules as needed.
Learning behaviors involves our implicit memory system. We learn skills and habits by practicing them. Their forgetting curve is quite different from the one that describes learning lists of facts.
Thinking and memory aren’t the same thing but highly related. Human memory is composed of several systems. It’s not a single process. Memory involves nearly every part of the brain, both sides.
The two hemispheres are connected by the corpus collosum. This bundle of neurons keeps our two super computers in touch with each other. One side names the object that your other side is reaching for. It’s teamwork.
- Memory Systems
- Procedural Memory
- What you can do
- Sensory Memory
- Buffers for vision & audition
- Prospective Memory
- Remember what going to do
- Sensitive to elderly
- Declarative (things you know)
- Episodic (life story of events)
- right hemisphere
- Semantic (names and facts)
- left hemisphere
- Episodic (life story of events)
- Procedural Memory
- Non-Declarative Memory
- Doesn’t use hippocampus
- Non-word learning
- Acquired slowly
- Includes
- conditioned responses
- skills
- habits
- priming
- Types of Memory
- Short-term memory
- Memory of events just occurred
- About seven items (+-2)
- Rehearsal to get it in
- Once gone, lost forever
- Long-term memory
- Memory of previous events
- Long-term memory is vast
- Difficult to estimate how big
- Rehearsal not needed
- May recall with hints
- STM can be moved to LTM
- Held in working memory
- If score changes, throw out old score
- Consolidation
- Varies widely between people & material
- Interesting facts more than boring
- Emotional items learned quickly
- Cortisol activates
- Amygdala
- storage of emotional events
- Hippocampus
- Consolidates emotional event
- Amygdala
- Cortisol activates
- LTM not permanent
- Change, fade & vary in detail
- Reconsolidate a memory if:
- A reminder followed by similar experience
- New experiences during reconsolidation can modify memory
- Short-term memory
- Working Memory
- Temporary storage of tasks
- Attending to right now
- Delayed-response task
- Ss given signal
- Give response after a delay
- Damage to prefrontal cortex
- Impairs working memory tasks
- Older people often have impaired working memory
- Prefrontal cortex may change as age?
Emotion
Emotion is a common phenomenon but not well understood. We have emotions; we just don’t understand them.
Emotion goes with autonomic arousal. When we sense danger (real or not), the hypothalamus and limbic system kick in, releasing cortisol, epinephrine and other agents to ready us for action. This is part of our fight-flight-freeze system.
Attack and escape behaviors and related to fear and anxiety. Anxiety disorders are an extension or over-activation of our normal processes.
Stress keeps us alert to damage but makes it difficult to sleep. Sleep apnea, for example, causes higher blood sugar and cortisol levels. The short lapses of breathing trigger our protective arousal system.
When I see a bear do I run because I’m afraid or am I afraid because I run?As it turns out, there are more than two answers to this classic riddle. Emotions are part of our human experience and central to our understanding of how we see ourselves.But there are multiple theories of emotion and no clear answers. But it appears that thinking is more important to feeling than we thought it was.Here’s what is included in this lesson:
how to identify emotions in animals
how to identify emotions in people
amygdala and its role in emotions
theories of emotion
basic emotions
Epilepsy
Head Injuries
Hormones
Intelligence
Motivation
- Emotions
- state dependent learning
- Motivation
- get you off the couch
Reward System
Here’s what is included in this lesson:
- Phineas Gage
- Stroop effect and top-down processing
