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Learning
Classical Conditioning
Story
Terms
- acquisition stage
- associated stimuli
- associations
- backward conditioning
- behaviorism
- Bekhterev
- black box
- blocking
- classical conditioning
- conditioned response (CR)
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- connections
- discrimination
- elicit
- experimental neurosis
- extinction
- fear
- forward conditioning
- higher-order conditioning
- inter-stimulus interval (ISI)
- latent inhibition
- limbic system
- limits
- Little Albert
- low level processing
- multiple pairing (50+)
- neutral stimulus
- objective psychology
- order of presentation
- Pavlov
- Pavlov’s dogs
- phobias
- PTSD
- reflex
- reinstatement
- response
- salivating
- simultaneous conditioning
- size
- spontaneous recovery
- stimulus
- stimulus discrimination
- stimulus generalization
- timings
- trace conditioning
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- unfamiliarity
- Watson
- white rat psychologist
Quiz
1. Instead of classical conditioning, Pavlov preferred:
- a. associative reflex
- b. covert behavior
- c. stereotyping
- d. reflexology
2. Food before the bell would be:
- a. simultaneous conditioning
- b. backward conditioning
- c. forward conditioning
- d. trace conditioning
3. Which ISI is optimal for conditioning:
- a. one-third second
- b. one-half second
- c. one second
- d. one-half minute
4. For Pavlov, in classical conditioning, the dogs’ saliva was:
- a. unconditioned stimulus
- b. topological controller
- c. conditioned stimulus
- d. psychic secretion
5. We use the terms of ___________ but the interpretations of ____________.
- a. Pavlov, Bekhterev
- b. Bekhterev, Pavlov
- c. Pavlov, Guthrie
- d. Bekhterev, Guthrie
1. Instead of classical conditioning, Pavlov preferred:
- a. associative reflex
- b. covert behavior
- c. stereotyping
- d. reflexology
2. Food before the bell would be:
- a. simultaneous conditioning
- b. backward conditioning
- c. forward conditioning
- d. trace conditioning
3. Which ISI is optimal for conditioning:
- a. one-third second
- b. one-half second
- c. one second
- d. one-half minute
4. For Pavlov, in classical conditioning, the dogs’ saliva was:
- a. unconditioned stimulus
- b. topological controller
- c. conditioned stimulus
- d. psychic secretion
5. We use the terms of ___________ but the interpretations of ____________.
- a. Pavlov, Bekhterev
- b. Bekhterev, Pavlov
- c. Pavlov, Guthrie
- d. Bekhterev, Guthrie
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Pavlov was an expert on digestion. He won a Nobel Prize for his research on how animals, including human, use reflexes in the digestion process. When food is presented, our digestive juices begin to flow, preparing us to digest food.
This preparing process begins before the food is in our tummy. It starts before we swallow. It starts when we see food, smell it or even just think about it. These associations we have with food were the beginning of classical conditioning.
Here are 5 things we’ll cover:
- People
- Components
- Timings
- Latent Inhibition
- Spontaneous Recovery
Escape
StoryOperant Conditioning
Story
Terms
- animal research
- antecedent
- atheoretical
- behavior
- class of behavior
- consequence
- continuous
- criticisms
- difficulties
- don’t punish
- fiction
- fixed interval
- fixed ratio
- functional analysis
- generalized conditioned reinforcers
- Gramma’s law
- negative punishment
- negative reinforcement
- one subject at a time
- operants
- operational definition
- person-centered
- phone answering
- positive punishment
- positive reinforcement
- primary reinforcer
- punishment
- reinforcement
- schedules of reinforcement
- secondary reinforcer
- Skinner
- Thorndike
- variable interval
- variable ratio
Quiz
- 1. Skinner’s approach was:
- a. psychoanalytic
- b. atheoretical
- c. deduction
- d. statistical
2. Instead of looking at intent, Skinner looks at behavior. This is called a:
- a. decentralized approach
- b. deferential analysis
- c. functional analysis
- d. fiction
3. Giving a verbal insult is called:
- a. negative reinforcement
- b. positive reinforcement
- c. negative punishment
- d. positive punishment
4. A reward impacts:
- a. selected negative behaviors
- b. the whole class of behavior
- c. selected positive behaviors
- d. conditioned stimuli
5. Which eliminates behavior:
- a. negative reinforcement
- b. negative punishment
- c. positive punishment
- d. none of the above
1. Skinner’s approach was:
- a. psychoanalytic
- b. atheoretical
- c. deduction
- d. statistical
2. Instead of looking at intent, Skinner looks at behavior. This is called a:
- a. decentralized approach
- b. deferential analysis
- c. functional analysis
- d. fiction
3. Giving a verbal insult is called:
- a. negative reinforcement
- b. positive reinforcement
- c. negative punishment
- d. positive punishment
4. A reward impacts:
- a. selected negative behaviors
- b. the whole class of behavior
- c. selected positive behaviors
- d. conditioned stimuli
5. Which eliminates behavior:
- a. negative reinforcement
- b. negative punishment
- c. positive punishment
- d. none of the above
Notes
Behavioral Change
Story
Terms
- antecedents
- anxiety stimulus hierarchy
- behavior modification
- bridge signal
- chaining
- change yourself first
- checklists
- classical conditioning
- clicker
- clicker training
- consequences
- context
- contingent
- continuous variables
- coping skills
- current behavior
- duration
- extinction
- fading
- frequency
- generalization
- goal specific
- gymnastics
- hierarchy of fear
- incompatible response
- increase behavior
- influence
- intensity
- intervention
- jackpot
- limits of rewards
- long-term goals
- lure
- pace
- patience
- positive reinforcement
- precision
- primary reinforcer
- prompt
- proportional reward
- Pryor, Karen
- punishment
- raise finger
- reinforcement
- reinforcers
- relaxation
- reward
- secondary reinforcer
- shaping
- success signal
- successive approximations
- superstitious behavior
- systematic desensitization
- systematic exposure
- target definition
- target selection
- task analysis
- task clarification
- thinning
- thirty-four steps
- tracking
- triggers
- variable ratio
- Wolpe, Joseph
Quiz
1. Behavioral Change focuses on behaviors that are:
- a. voluntary
- b. reflexive
- c. habitual
- d. skilled
2. What happens before a behavior (beliefs, experiences, etc.) are:
- a. superstitious behaviors
- b. extinction bursts
- c. unimportant
- d. antecedents
3. An unexpectedly large reward for extra effort is called a:
- a. calming signal
- b. release word
- c. jackpot
- d. cluster
4. Grandma’s Law (if you eat your peas, you can have pie) is an example of:
- a. auto-shaping
- b. contingency
- c. punishment
- d. duration
5. Grandma’s saying “Well, alright” is an:
- a. unconditioned stimulus
- b. event marker
- c. antecedent
- d. obligation
1. Behavioral Change focuses on behaviors that are:
- a. voluntary
- b. reflexive
- c. habitual
- d. skilled
2. What happens before a behavior (beliefs, experiences, etc.) are:
- a. superstitious behaviors
- b. extinction bursts
- c. unimportant
- d. antecedents
3. An unexpectedly large reward for extra effort is called a:
- a. calming signal
- b. release word
- c. jackpot
- d. cluster
4. Grandma’s Law (if you eat your peas, you can have pie) is an example of:
- a. auto-shaping
- b. contingency
- c. punishment
- d. duration
5. Grandma’s saying “Well, alright” is an:
- a. unconditioned stimulus
- b. event marker
- c. antecedent
- d. obligation
Presenting a concept, principle or rule is much easier than getting people to change their behaviors. People will listen and agree, but not put things into practice. Knowing what you should do is not the same as doing it. So let’s explore behavioral change.
Some things are easier to change than others. Gambling and risk taking are difficult to stop or even just lessen their frequency and intensity. Drug addiction is very difficult to change. Change is possible but not easily achieved.
My summary of psychology is that there are two great principles:
People have a tremendous capacity to change. And they usually don’t.
Here are 5 things we’ll cover:
- Clicker Training (behavior modification)
- Systematic desensitization
- How to change yourself
- How to change others
- Three-Three Steps
