Lifespan

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Story

Body changes you don’t like.

When you hit middle age, you object and so does your body. There are lots of changes, most of them subtle and gradual. You wake up one day and discover the changes have already occurred.

Vision changes are mild if no disease is involved. You can’t focus as well as you used to, particularly on close-up details. You have to hold things further away to get them within range.

But diseases are starting to take their toll. Glaucoma and macular degeneration can lead to blindness. Osteoporosis makes your bones more brittle.

Changes in hormones are natural but unwelcome. Men with lower levels of testosterone may have less energy. Women with fluctuating levels of estrogen have hot flashes and night sweats. Menopause starts in the early 50’s; some find it a relief, others find it difficult.

Here’s what is included in this lesson:

• Vision problems
• Macular degeneration
• Low T
• Menopause
• Osteoporosis

Mind Map

Notes

• Human Eye
  • Sclera
    • Greek for hard
    • White of the eye
    • 1 mm thick
    • Fibrous strands in parallel; like fiber strapping tape
  •  Cornea
    • Bulges out from sclera
    • Smooth, neatly organized
    • Nourished by tears (on outside)
      • aqueous humor (on inside)
    • 2/3 of focus of eye
    • Dome-shaped
    • Irregularity of cornea surface
      • Astigmatism = blurry lines
  •  Aqueous Humor
    • Spongy tissue (mostly water)
    • Keeps eye inflated
    • Removes waste
    • Also an antioxidant that protects from UV rays
    • Continuously refreshed
      • In from ciliary body
      • Drained into Schlemm’s canal
  •  Glaucoma
    • Blockage of aqueous humor
      • Damage to iris
      • Blindness
    • 2nd leading cause of blindness
    • Progressive optic nerve damage
    • Mostly over age 40
      • Loss of nerve tissue
      • Loss of vision
    •  Types
      • Primary open-angle glaucoma
        • Most common (90%)
        • Increase in fluid pressure
          • Too much for nerve
          • Not absolute pressure
        • Develops slowly, no symptoms
          • Peripheral vision first
        • “Open-angle” = angle where iris meets cornea is wide
        • Slowly gets clogged
      •  Acute-angle closure glaucoma
        • Angle between cornea & iris is narrow (less space)
        • Occurs suddenly
        • Emergency!
        • Rapid increase in pressure
        • See colored rings around lights & blurred vision
        • Red eye
        • Pain & nausea
    •  Other factors can cause glaucoma
      • Steroid-induced glaucoma
      • Neovascular glaucoma
      • Diabetic retinopathy
      • Restricts blood flow to eye
  •  Iris
    • 2 layers
    • Outer layer of pigment
      • Color part of eye
      • Can be translucent (albinos)
    • Inner layer of blood vessels
  •  Pupil of the Iris
    • Hole in middle of iris
    • Varies in size (4:1 ratio)
      • Allows 16: 1 ratio of light
      • Actual ratio changes with age
        • in dim light, 80 yr old has half as wide as 20 yr old
    • Advantages of small opening = depth of field
      • Lose depth of field as age
  •  Lens
    • Crystalline (bean shaped); diameter & thickness of large aspirin
    • Has no blood vessels
    • Mostly water & protein
    • Never stops growing
      • Adds fibers to edge
        • center becomes thin; some center fibers there at birth
    • As ages
      • more dense & hard (sclerosis)
      • less transparent (cataract)
  •  Vitreous Humor
    • Jelly-like, like raw egg whites
    • Not continuously renewed
    • Floaters
    • More liquid with age
    • Can become detached
    • posterior vitreous detachmentor (PVD)
  • Macula
    • Depression in retina
      • Unobstructed
      • Near center
      • Off to side
    • Degeneration has two causes:
      • Dry (nonexudative)
        • Cellular debris (drusen)
          • Yellow deposits
        • Grow between retina & choroid
        • Drusen deposits grow, retina becomes detached
        • Severity depends on size and # of drusen
      • Wet (exudative)
        • Choroid blood vessels grow
        • Retina becomes detached
        • More severe
    • Treatments
      • Laser coagulation and meds
    • Older adults
      • The major cause of blindness
      • Loss of vision in center
      • Can’t read or recognize faces
      • Lose most detail of images
• Hormones
  • As you age, reduced hormone level
    • Testosterone (mostly males)
    • Estrogen (mostly females)
    • Progesterone (mostly females)
  • Men
    • Testosterone
      • Gradually decreases as age
      • Men over 50, low levels
    • Treat with gel or injections
      • No pills (liver breaks it down)
    • 2-3 months for optimal levels
    • Shorter life span
  • Women
    • Menopause
    • Test FSH & LH levels
• Perimenopause
  • Years before menopause
  • Indications it’s coming
  • Late 30s
    • Ovaries
    • Make less estrogen
    • Make less progesterone
  • In 40s,
    • Menstrual periods irregular
      • longer or shorter
      • heavier or lighter
      • more or less frequent
    • Tender breasts
    • Vaginal dryness
    • Osteoporosis (some)
    • Back pain
    • Trouble regulating body temp
      • Hot flashes
      • Bed sweats
    • Forgetfulness
    • Mood changes
• Menopause
  • In 50s,
    • Women 40-60, 51 average in US
  • Natural process; not a disease
  • Adult woman
    • Not pregnant, not lactating, intact uterus
  • Amenorrhea for 1 year
    • No periods
  • After menopause
    • Potential Complications
      • Sexual function discomfort
      • Cardiovascular disease
      • Urinary incontinence
    • Osteoporosis
    • Weight gain
  • Treatment
    • Estrogen Therapy
      • Reduce hot flashes
      • Helps prevent bone loss
      • Help heart?
    • Low-dose antidepressants
      • SSRIs for hot flashes
    • Gabapentin (Neurontin)
      • Seizure medication
      • Use low dose for hot flashes
• Osteoporosis
  • Progressive bone disease
  • Decrease in bone mass
  • Decrease in bone density
  • Bones more likely to fracture
  • More likely to fall
• Types
  • Postmenopausal
    • AKA, primary type 1
  • Senile
    • AKA, primary type 2
    • 75+ years old
    • Twice as many females
  • Secondary osteoporosis
    • men & women equally
    • chronic form
    • any age
    • steroid medications

Terms

• acute-angle closure glaucoma
• amenorrhea
• aqueous humor
• astigmatism
• cataract
• choroid blood vessels
• ciliary body
• climacteric = menopause
• cornea
• crystallized intelligence = Cattell’s skills & task knowledge, in contrast to fluid intelligence
• depth of field
• diabetic retinopathy
• drusen
• dry macular degeneration
• estrogen
• estrogen therapy
• floaters
• fluid intelligence = Cattell’s abstract thinking, in contrast to crystallized intelligence
• Gabapentin (Neurontin); seizure medication
• glaucoma
• hardiness = opposite of frailty, theory that some people are genetically resistant
• hormone therapy = prescription of anabolic steroids to counter aging declines of hormones
• hormones
• hot flashes
• information-loss view = information processing theory of reduced cognition as age
• iris
• irregular menstrual periods
• lens
• low-dose antidepressants(SSRIs)
• macula
• menopause
• neovascular glaucoma
• neural network view = theory that changes in cognition in elderly are circuit-based
• open-angle glaucoma
• osteoporosis
• perimenopause
• peripheral vision
• posterior vitreous detachmentor (PVD)
• postmenopausal osteoporosis
• practical problem solving = doesn’t seem to diminish with age
• presbycusis = gradual loss of hearing high frequencies
• presbyopia = eye lens loses ability to focus (bend)
• primary open-angle glaucoma
• primary type 1 osteoporosis
• primary type 2 osteoporosis
• progesterone
• progressive bone disease
• pupil of the iris
• retina
• Schlemm’s canal
• sclera
• sclerosis
• secondary osteoporosis
• senile osteoporosis
• steoporosis
• steroid-induced glaucoma
• testosterone
• Type A behavior pattern = 1950’s pop theory that heart disease can be predicted by two personality types. Type A’s are status conscious overachievers. Type B’s are creative and steady workers.
• vitreous humor
• wet macular degeneration
• white of the eye

Quiz

• 1. What is the dome that covers the front of the eye:
  • a.           aqueous humor
  • b.           cornea
  • c.           lens
  • d.           iris
• 2. Dry macular degeneration is caused by the buildup of:
  • a.           choroid vessels
  • b.           bone density
  • c.           floaters
  • d.           drusen
• 3. Which is a progressive bone disease
  • a.           osteoporosis
  • b.           menopause
  • c.           Parkinson’s
  • d.           PVD
• 4. Blocking the flow of the aqueous humor causes:
  • a.           macular degeneration
  • b.           lateral integration
  • c.           segmentation
  • d.           glaucoma
• 5. For hot flashes women are prescribed:
  • a.           seizure medication
  • b.           antidepressants
  • c.           estrogen
  • d.           all of the above

Answers

• 1. What is the dome that covers the front of the eye:
  • a.           aqueous humor
  • b.           cornea
  • c.           lens
  • d.           iris
• 2. Dry macular degeneration is caused by the buildup of:
  • a.           choroid vessels
  • b.           bone density
  • c.           floaters
  • d.           drusen
• 3. Which is a progressive bone disease
  • a.           osteoporosis
  • b.           menopause
  • c.           Parkinson’s
  • d.           PVD
• 4. Blocking the flow of the aqueous humor causes:
  • a.           macular degeneration
  • b.           lateral integration
  • c.           segmentation
  • d.           glaucoma
• 5. For hot flashes women are prescribed:
  • a.           seizure medication
  • b.           antidepressants
  • c.           estrogen
  • d.           all of the above

Summary

Bonus

Photo credit

 

Photo by Hans Eiskonen on Unsplash

 

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Story

Let’s quit our jobs, sell the house and move to the country!

Right in the middle of life, you get hit by a midlife crisis. At least some do; not as many as you’d think. But many people get hit by divorce, burnout, unemployment and economic downturns.

Here’s what is included in this lesson:

• Delayed gratification
• Changing careers
• Divorce
• Burnout
• Self concept
• Midlife crisis

Mind Map

Notes

• Changing Jobs
  • Age 18-42
    • Most change jobs 10+x
  • Over life
    • 7 careers?
  • Definition problem
• Why change careers
  • Money
    • Job outlook (market dwindling)
    • Economy downturn
    • Want more money
    • Better offer
  • Work environment
    • Co-workers & Boss
    • Boring-challenge
    • Stress
    • Glass Ceiling
      • Socio-Political term
      • Less women & minorities at highest levels of corporations
      • Glass = unbendable
  • Life Changes
    • Have a baby
    • Sandwiched generation
      • Care for your parents
      • Care for your kids
    • Skipped-generation family
      • Grandparents raising children
  • Unemployed
    • Older you are, longer not hired
    • Baby Boomers
      • 40% of work force
      • Born 1946-1964
• Burnout
  • Psychological issue?
    • Not in DSM
  • 40% of workforce?
  • Symptoms
    • Less interested in work
    • Less pleasure in accomplishments
    • Exhaustion
  • Maslach Burnout Inventory
    • 3 dimensions
    • Exhaustion (energy)
    • Cynicism (involvement)
    • Inefficacy (efficacy)
  • 12 phases, not necessarily sequential (Freudenberger & North)
    • 1. Compulsion to Prove Self
    • 2. Working Harder
    • 3. Neglecting Personal Needs
    • 4. Displacement of Conflicts
    • 5. Revision of Values
    • 6. Denial of Emerging Problems
    • 7. Withdrawal
    • 8. Obvious Behavioral Changes
    • 9. Depersonalization
    • 10. Inner Emptiness
    • 11. Depression
    • 12. Physically collapse
  • Burnout Prevention
    • Organization
      • Healthier work life
      • Workload, control, reward,
      • Community, fairness & values
    • Individual coping
      • Resting
      • Temporary less work hours
• Midlife Crisis
  • Midlife transition
    • Reassessment related to age
    • Life halfway over or more
  • Triggered by:
    • Andropause or Menopause
    • Death of parent
    • Unemployment
    • Underemployment
    • Never wanted to be a lawyer
    • Reassess achievements
    • Reconsider dreams
    • Want to make significant changes
  • Midlife Crisis occurs in about 10%
    • Many people reassess
    • Not based on age
• Divorce
  • John Gottman
    • Marital Stability
    • Reconnections
      • How fight
      • How make up
    • Happy couples
      • have unresolved conflicts
      • 69% have “very same” ones 10 years later
    • 4 predictors of divorce; 4 major behaviors not to do
      • Criticism of other’s personality
      • Stonewalling (withdrawal)
      • Contempt (disgust)
      • Defensiveness
    • 7 Principles of what to do
      • 1. Enhance Your Love Maps
        • store info about partner (dreams, hopes)
      • 2. More Fondness & Admiration
        • Respect & appreciate diff.
      • 3. Turn Toward Each Other
      • 4. Let Partner Influence You
      • 5. Solve The Solvable Problems
      • 6. Overcome Gridlock
      • 7. Create Shared Meaning
• CARL ROGERS (1902 – 1987)
  • Self
    • Self gradually emerges
    • From interaction w/ sig. others
  • Self-concept
    • Part of phenomenological field
      • gradually become differentiated
    • Object of perception
    • Real self vs self as perceived
      • Experiences are symbolized, ignored, dined or distorted
      • Become subconscious
    • Shouldn’t threaten integrity of child’s self-concept
      • Accept child’s feeling
  • Congruence
    • Symbolized experiences reflect all actual experiences
    • When congruent, person is free from inner tension
  • 2 basic needs
    • positive regard by others
    • positive regard by self
  • Self-regulation
    • 3 steps to control own behavior
    • 1. Self-observation
      • Track own behavior
    • 2. Judgment
      • Compare what see w/ standard
      • Rules of etiquette
      • Personal rules
    • 3. Self-response
      • Reward self
      • Punish self
  • For some
    • Self-regulation is self-concept
    • Self-regulation is self-esteem
• Humanism
  • Reaction to behaviorism
    • Which was a reaction to Freud
  • Focus on:
    • Growth & fulfillment of individual
      • genuineness
      • acceptance
      • empathy
• Self Control
  • Compliance = do what told
  • Respect
• Walter Mischel
  • Delayed Gratification
  • Marshmallow Study
    • 1 small reward now or 2 small rewards if wait 15 min.
    • Little kids can’t wait
      • Can wait longer as get older
      • Can wait longer for preferred items
    • 4 yr olds (600 children)
      • Few ate immediately
      • Most delayed 3-5 min, then age
      • 1/3 delayed 15 min & got 2nd marshmallow
    • By 5
      • Use active distraction
      • Use self-talk (tell self rule)
    • By 12
      • Use abstract thinking
      • Distract from reward
  • Elderly
    • Less self-regulation
    • Less impulse control
    • Decline in reward-delaying strategies
  • Self control or strategic thinking

Terms

• abstract thinking
• active distraction
• Baby Boomers
• basic needs of love
• Big Five personality traits = Costa & McCrae; based on factor analysis, proposes 5 dimensions: (OCEAN) openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism
• burnout
• burnout prevention
• compliance
• compulsion to prove self phase
• congruence
• contempt (disgust)
• create shared meaning principle
• criticism of other’s personality
• cynicism-involvement dimension
• defensiveness
• delayed gratification
• denial of emerging problems phase
• depersonalization phase
• depression phase
• displacement of conflicts phase
• distract from reward
• divorce
• enhance your love maps principle
• exhaustion-energy dimension
• feminization of poverty
• generativity vs stagnation = Erikson’s 7th stage of development; virtue is care
• glass ceiling
• humanism
• inefficacy-efficacy dimension
• inner emptiness phase
• job outlook
• judgment
• kinkeeper = usually mother, act as hub of family info, care and interaction
• let partner influence you principle
• life changes
• marital stability
• Marshmallow Study
• Maslach Burnout Inventory
• midlife crisis
• midlife transition
• more fondness & admiration principle
• neglecting personal needs phase
• obvious behavioral changes phase
• overcome gridlock principle
• parental imperative theory = Gutmann’s theory, parents push gender roles when children are young but later reclaim a broad perspective
• phases of burnout
• phenomenological field
• physically collapse phase
• positive regard by others
• positive regard by self
• possible selves = part of self-concept; what you might become
• predictors of divorce
• principles of marital stability
• reaction
• real self
• reassess achievements
• reconnections
• revision of values phase
• reward-delaying strategies
• sandwich generation
• self
• self as perceived
• self control
• self-concept
• self-esteem
• self-observation
• self-regulation
• self-response
• self-talk
• skipped-generation family
• solve the solvable problems principle
• stonewalling (withdrawal)
• strategic thinking
• subconscious
• turn toward each other principle
• unemployed
• withdrawal phase
• work environment
• working harder phase

Quiz

• 1. For Gottman which is a predictor of divorce:
  • a.           delayed gratification
  • b.           self-observation
  • c.           stonewalling
  • d.           efficacy
• 2. Humanism a reaction to:
  • a.           cognitive therapy
  • b.           psychoanalysis
  • c.           existentialism
  • d.           behaviorism
• 3. For some theorists self-esteem is the same as:
  • a.           self regulation
  • b.           self criticism
  • c.           self analysis
  • d.           all of the above
• 4. What percentage of people have a mid-life crisis:
  • a.           10%
  • b.           20%
  • c.           45%
  • d.           67%
• 5. Which studied delayed gratification:
  • a.           Maslach Burnout Inventory
  • b.           Boston Children’s Program
  • c.           marshmallow study
  • d.           rouge test

Answers

• For Gottman which is a predictor of divorce:
  • a.           delayed gratification
  • b.           self-observation
  • c.           stonewalling
  • d.           efficacy
• 2. Humanism a reaction to:
  • a.           cognitive therapy
  • b.           psychoanalysis
  • c.           existentialism
  • d.           behaviorism
• 3. For some theorists self-esteem is the same as:
  • a.           self regulation
  • b.           self criticism
  • c.           self analysis
  • d.           all of the above
• 4. What percentage of people have a mid-life crisis:
  • a.           10%
  • b.           20%
  • c.           45%
  • d.           67%
• 5. Which studied delayed gratification:
  • a.           Maslach Burnout Inventory
  • b.           Boston Children’s Program
  • c.           marshmallow study
  • d.           rouge test

Summary

Bonus

Photo credit

Photo by Rana Sawalha on Unsplash

 

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Story

Love & Marriage go together like…

This is the period when others think of you as an adult, even if you haven’t quite accepted it. There are several theories to describe this period but the most interesting revolve around the issue of love.

Psychology isn’t very sentimental. When it thinks about love, it does so in an objective, scientific way. Consequently, there are several theories of love; all of them quite utilitarian.

Marriage and children are often paired together. But not everyone has children. Some decide to be childless. But for others it is a not a choice. Not all options are easy and many are quite expensive.

Here’s what is included in this lesson:

• Adult development theories
• Family life cycle
• Theories of love
• Childlessness

Mind Map

Notes

• Daniel Levinson
  • Theory of adult development
    • life structure = underlying pattern
  • Shaped by environment
    • Social & physical factors
    • Family, work & status
    • Religion & race
  • Stable Period
    • make crucial life choices
  • Transitional Period
    • Between stable periods
    • Shifting of commitments
  • 6 stages (seasons)
    • 1. Early adult transition (17-22)
    • 2. Adult world (22-28)
      • initial choices
    • 3. Turning 30 transition (28-33)
    • 4. Settling down (33-40)
      • Act like grownup
    • 5. Mid-life transition (40-45)
      • More aware of death & legacy
    • 6. Middle adulthood (45-50)
  • Early Adult Transition Tasks
    • Form a dream
    • Find a mentor
    • Start an occupation
    • Get marriage; start family
  • Mid-life Transition Tasks
    • Rebalance young-old polarity
    • Less destructive, more creative
    • Less rigid gender roles
    • Balance being alone & attachments
  • Criticism of model
  • Data from Great Depression
  • Sample
  • Stable family (low divorce rate)
  • Realists, not dreamers
  • Expanding economy
• Roger Gould
  • Inner stages of consciousness
  • Establishing a personal identity
  • Give up child illusions & myth
    • Free self from restraints
  • Safety of childhood is an illusion
    • Confront your myths
  • 4 Major False Assumptions:
    • I’ll always live with my parents
    • My parents will always be there if I need something
    • Life is simple & controllable
    • No death or evil in the world
  • Stages
    • Leaving Parents’ World (16-22)
    • Enter Adult World (22-28)
    • Reexamination (28-34)
    • Midlife Decade (35-45)
    • Mellowing (43-50)
    • Stability & Acceptance (50+)
• Feel Like An Adult
  • What Made You Feel Like an Adult? (Hoffman & Manis, 1979)
  • For most women
    • Getting married
    • Becoming a parent
  • For most men
    • Not living at home
    • Making a living-money
• Family Life Cycle
  • Stage 1: Family of origin
  • Stage 2: Leaving home
  • Stage 3: Pre-marriage
  • Stage 4: Childless couple
  • Stage 5: Family w/ young children
  • Stage 6. Family with adolescents
  • Stage 7: Launching children
  • Stage 8: Later family life
• Love
  • Basic emotion?
  • Probably too complex
  • But common & valued
• Theories of Love
  • 1. Exposure effect
    • Robert Zajonc
    • Tend to like familiar things
  • 2. Similarity
    • More similar, more attracted
    • Online dating sites
      • But women want different smell
      • different DNA?
  • 3. Investment Model
    • Caryl Rusbult
    • Formula:
      • investment + (rewards – costs) – attractive alternatives
    • Investment = what sacrificed for relationship
    • Rewards = what get out of it
    • Costs = cost of leaving
    • Attractive alternatives =who else is available
  • 4. Zick Rubin
    • Liking vs. Loving
    • 3 elements
      • Attachment (need to receive)
      • Intimacy (sharing thoughts, etc)
      • Caring (their happiness too)
  • 5. Elaine Hatfield
    • 2 basic types of love:
      • Compassionate (respect-trust)
      • Passionate (emotion-arousal)
    • Transitory (6-30 months)
      • “falling in love” culture
      • Intense feelings
  • 6. John Lee
    • Color Wheel of Love
    • 3 primary styles
      • Eros (ideal person)
      • Ludos (game)
      • Storge (friendship)
    • 3 combinations (complementary)
      • 1. Eros & Ludos = Mania
        • obsessive love
      • 2. Ludos & Storge = Pragma
        • Realistic-practical love
      • 3. Eros & Storge = Agape
        • Selfless love
• 7. Robert Sternberg
  • Triangular theory of love
  • Strong relationships need:
    • Intimacy
    • Passion
    • Decision-commitment
  • Love = absolute strength of combination
    • Relative strength of each component changes over time
  • Size of triangle = amount of love
  • Shape of triangle = style of love
    • Only 1, success less likely
  • 1. Intimacy
    • Attachment
    • Closeness
    • Understanding
  • 2. Passion
    • Limerence
    • Involuntary attraction
    • Head-heels
    • Sex attraction
  • 3. Decision-commitment
    • Remain with each other
    • Shared plans
  • If have only 1:
    • Passion-intimacy-commit = infatuation
    • Intimacy-passion-commit = like & friendship
    • Commit-passion-intimacy = empty love
  • If have 2:
    • Passion+intimacy-commit = romance
      • Grows as intimacy grows
      • No commitment, doesn’t last
    • Passion+commit-intimacy = fatuous love
      • Whirlwind courtship
      • Who are you?
    • Commit+initimacy-passion = companionate love
      • Long-term marriages
    • Passion+commit+intimacy = consummate love
      • Ideal relationship
• Childless
  • Voluntary childlessness
    • Childfree by choice
    • Mission: art, charity, money
    • Celibacy
  • Involuntary childlessness
    • Infertility = unable to conceive
    • Unable to carry to term
    • Infant death
    • Secondary infertility = 2nd child
    • Lack of a partner
    • Unwillingness
    • Single
• Pre-assembled Options
  • Surrogacy
  • Adoption
• Assisted Reproduction Options
  • Artificial insemination
    • Insert lots sperm into uterus
    • Used in horse breeding too
      • Phantom mare
      • Collect sperm, chill & ship
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
    • Remove eggs
    • Inject single sperm into 1 egg
      • Microinjection
    • Put egg in uterus
  • In vitro fertilization
    • Remove eggs (transvaginally)
    • Combine with sperm (test-tube)
    • Put into uterus
  • Natural IVF
    • Use egg from normal cycle
    • Remove from fallopian
    • No drugs
    • Low success rate
  • Modified-natural IVF
    • Normal ovulation cycle
    • Drugs for 2-5 days
    • More successful
  • Mild IVF
    • Collect 2-7 eggs; transvaginal surgery
    • Drugs for 2-5 days
    • More successful (40%?)
  • Conventional IVF
    • Ovaries hyperstimulation
    • Collect lots of eggs
    • Lots of drugs
    • Long or short protocol
    • Long protocol
      • Inject synthetic GnRH (pituitary)
      • Causes flare effect
      • FSH & LH increase
      • Continued use causes downregulation
      • Produce less FSH & LH
      • Take FSH to hyperstimulate ovaries
      • Get multiple eggs
    • Short protocol
      • No downregulation
      • Fertility drugs (follicle stimulating)
      • 10 days of injections
  • Ovarian stimulation risks
    • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
      • Caused by too much HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
      • Mild to life-threatening
• Childless Issues
  • Political
    • Royal succession
    • Power or influence
  • Stigma
    • Social norms
      • Unusual
      • Anticipated parenthood to unwanted status
  • Education
    • Higher education
    • Professional-managerial jobs
  • Finances
    • Less money (agricultural)
    • More money (modern); dual incomes
    • Eat out
    • Have pets
    • Spend a lot
  • Quality of Living
    • Exercise more
    • Eat healthier
    • Less stress
    • Happier?
      • Marital happiness goes down when baby born
      • Goes up when empty nest

Terms

• absolute strength
• adoption
• adult world
• agape style
• artificial insemination
• assisted reproduction
• attachment
• attractive alternatives
• caring
• childless
• cohabitation = two unmarried people living together
• color wheel of love
• companionate love
• compassionate love
• consummate love
• conventional IVF
• costs
• decision-commitment
• down-regulation
• early adult transition
• early adult transition tasks
• egalitarian marriage = style of marriage based on equality
• emerging adulthood = hypothetical period between teen and adult
• empty love
• enter adult world
• eros style
• exposure theory of love
• family life cycle
• fatuous love
• fertility drugs
• follicle stimulating
• friendship
• Gould, Roger
• Hatfield, Elaine
• hyperstimulation
• ideal relationships
• in vitro fertilization
• infatuation
• infertility
• inner stages of consciousness
• intimacy
• intimacy versus isolation = Erikson’s 6th stage of development; virtue is love
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection
• investment
• investment theory of love
• involuntary childlessness
• leaving parents’ world
• Lee, John
• Levinson, Daniel
• life structure
• liking
• limerence
• loneliness = feeling isolated, loss of companionship
• long protocol
• love
• loving
• ludos style
• major false assumptions
• mania style
• mellowing
• middle adulthood
• midlife decade
• mid-life transition
• mid-life transition tasks
• mild IVF
• modified-natural IVF
• natural IVF
• ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
• ovarian stimulation risks
• passion
• passionate love
• political issues
• pragma style
• quality of living
• reexamination
• relative strength
• rewards
• romance
• royal succession
• Rubin, Zick
• Rusbult, Caryl
• seasons
• secondary infertility
• settling down
• shape of triangle
• short protocol
• similarity theory of love
• size of triangle
• social clock = social expectation to do things at a particular stage of life
• Stability & Acceptance
• Stable Period
• Stage 1: Family of origin
• Stage 2: Leaving home
• Stage 3: Pre-marriage
• Stage 4: Childless couple
• Stage 5: Family w/ young children
• Stage 6. Family with adolescents
• Stage 7: Launching children
• Stage 8: Later family life
• Sternberg, Robert
• stigma
• storge style
• surrogacy
• test-tube baby
• theories of love
• traditional marriage = how your culture historically has celebrated marriage
• transitional period
• transitory love
• transvaginal surgery
• triangular theory of love
• turning-30 transition
• voluntary childlessness
• whirlwind courtship

Quiz

• 1. Love is a function of time spent together according to the:
  • a.           family cycle theory
  • b.           color wheel theory
  • c.           exposure theory
  • d.           triangle theory
• 2. What you’ve sacrificed for a relationship is your:
  • a.           false assumption
  • b.           transition task
  • c.           investment
  • d.           problem
• 3. Levinson’s Early Adult Transition Tasks include:
  • a.           down-regulate your fear
  • b.           commit to intimacy
  • c.           form a dream
  • d.           build an ark
• 4. Which is a stage of IVF (in vitro fertilization):
  • a.           intracytoplasmic generalization
  • b.           intracytoplasmic deregulation
  • c.           hyper-stimulation
  • d.           ablation
• 5. Who proposed the Triangular Theory of Love:
  • a.           Sternberg
  • b.           Levinson
  • c.           Rusbult
  • d.           Lee

answers

• 1. Love is a function of time spent together according to the:
  • a.           family cycle theory
  • b.           color wheel theory
  • c.           exposure theory
  • d.           triangle theory
• 2. What you’ve sacrificed for a relationship is your:
  • a.           false assumption
  • b.           transition task
  • c.           investment
  • d.           problem
• 3. Levinson’s Early Adult Transition Tasks include:
  • a.           down-regulate your fear
  • b.           commit to intimacy
  • c.           form a dream
  • d.           build an ark
• 4. Which is a stage of IVF (in vitro fertilization):
  • a.           intracytoplasmic generalization
  • b.           intracytoplasmic deregulation
  • c.           hyper-stimulation
  • d.           ablation
• 5. Who proposed the Triangular Theory of Love:
  • a.           Sternberg
  • b.           Levinson
  • c.           Rusbult
  • d.           Lee

Summary

Bonus

Photo credit

 

Photo by Stanley Dai on Unsplash

[Read more…] about College & Career

 

Photo

Who am I?

Humans are good explorers. Sometimes the hardest thing to find is ourselves. Personal identity includes how you experience yourself as a man or woman, how you want to look, how valuable you feel and how much control you believe you have over your own life.

Here’s what is included in this lesson:

• Sexual differentiation
• Gender identity
• Sexual orientation
• Eating disorders
• Obesity
• Anorexia
• Bulimia

Story

Mind Map

Notes

• Sexual Differentiation
  • Sex differences = biological
    • Begins with chromosomes
    • Female = XX
    • Males = XY
  • Influenced prenatally by hormones
    • Start with same anatomy
    • Müllerian ducts
      • Lead to female internals
    • Wolffian ducts
      • Lead to male internals
  • Male (XY)
    • Wolffian ducts develop into:
      • seminal vesicles
      • store semen
      • vas deferens
      • duct from testes into penis
    • Müllerian inhibiting hormone
    • Peptide hormone that causes Müllerian ducts degenerate
  • Females (XX)
    • More estrogen than androgens
    • Primitive gonads become ovaries
      • (egg-producing organs)
    • Wolffian ducts degenerate
    • Müllerian ducts develop
    • Estrogen
  • Childhood Behavior
    • 3-8 months old
    • Show preference for toys
      • Girls look at dolls more
      • Boys look at dolls & trucks equally
    • Monkeys
      • Male monkeys play with trucks & balls more
      • Female monkeys play with dolls
    • Female monkeys
      • Prenatal injections of testosterone
      • After born, play more like boys
      • Activating Effects of Hormones
      • Change behav. by enhancing $
      • Testosterone need for male sexual arousal
      • Estrogens increase sensitivity of pudendal nerve
  • How identified sexually
    • What called (male-female)
• Gender Identity
  • Gender differences = thinking
  • Private sense of own gender
  • Experience self: man or woman
  • Personal view might not match society’s gender category
• Sexual Orientation
  • Behavioral definition
    • Who have sex with
  • Conceptual definition
    • Who want to have sex with
  • Genetics & Homosexuality
    • Highest in monozygotic twins
    • Lower in dizygotic twins
    • Still lower in siblings
    • Higher incidence among maternal relatives
  • Prenatal Influences
    • Lowest in oldest sons
    • More older brothers, more gay
      • Mother’s immune system can react against a protein in 1st son
      • Attacks subsequent sons more
  • Not an arbitrary decision
    • Integral part of person
    • Homosexuality is a shift toward
      • In some aspects, not others
• Eating Disorders
  • Obesity
    • Obesity in rats
      • “Buffet” of high-calorie foods
      • Can’t pass up options
      • Become obese
      • Lose interest in other rewards
    • Fat is not happy
      • Small correlation between obesity and mood
      • Obesity not caused by depression
    • Prenatal
      • high-fat diet before
      • increase appetite & body weight
    • Genetics & Body Weight
    • Danish study
      • weights of adopted children
      • correlate with biological parents
    • Genetic or prenatal
      • Specific genes
      • Mutated gene for melanocortin can cause obesity
    • Syndromal obesity
      • From medical condition
        • Prader-Willi syndrome
          • Genetic disorder
          • Leads to obesity
          • High levels of ghrelin (peptide)
  • Weight Loss
    • Dieting rarely effective alone
    • Maintaining diet
    • Implement small changes
    • 20-40% success (2 years)
    • Increasing exercise
    • Decreasing eating
    • Fructose doesn’t $ satiety path
    • Non-diet drinks high in fructose
    • Artificial sugars cause body to unlearn association between “sweet” & calories?
  • Weight Loss Medicines
    • Sibutramine (Meridia)
      • Appetite suppressants
    • Orlistat (Xenical)
      • Block fat absorption
    • Gastric bypass surgery
      • Removes part of stomach
      • Smaller meals produce satiety
• Bulimia Nervosa
  • Difficult to identify
    • Not usually underweight
    • Mask symptoms to hide guilt & shame
  • 4 Classic Symptoms
    • 1. Repeated binge-eating
      • Eating until painfully full
      • Weight goes up & down
      • Feel like can’t stop
    • 2. Countering binge with:
      • Exercising to exhaustion
      • Laxatives
      • Vomiting
      • Fasting
    • 3. Binge-Purge 2+x week for 3 months
    • 4. Self-judging weight & body
  • Repeated sessions
  • Overeating followed by guilt
  • Includes
    • Excessive exercise
    • Crash dieting
    • Purging
  • Results in:
    • Lower levels of CCK (hormone)
    • Increased ghrelin (hormone)
    • Bad breath & tooth enamel
    • Altered NT transmitters
      • regulate eating
  • Most suffer with depression
  • Similar to drug addiction
  • Food activates basal ganglia (nucleus accumbens)
• Anorexia Nervosa
  • Not the same as bulimia
  • Both: distorted body image
  • 50% anorexics become bulimic
    • Bulimic to anorexia is uncommon
  • Classic Symptoms
    • Irrational fear of gaining weight
    • 15% below ideal weight; BMI of 17.5 or less
    • Missed 3 consecutive menstrual periods
  • Typically
    • More often in women
    • Obsessive compulsive
    • Perfectionism
    • Control
  • Symptoms
    • Dizziness
    • Headaches
    • Drowsiness
    • Lack of energy
  • Food restriction
    • causes metabolic problems
    • causes hormonal disorders
  • Feel hunger but don’t eat
  • Average 600-800 calories/day
  • Includes:
    • Inappropriate eating habits
    • Obsession with being thin
    • View self as too fat
    • Even when underweight
  • Repetitive behaviors
    • Body checking
      • weighing, measuring, checking mirror
    • Rituals
      • Cut food into tiny bites
      • Won’t eat with others
      • Excessive exercise
  • At extreme
    • Soft-fine hair on face & body
    • Like a fetus
    • Stomach distension
    • Starving children
    • Swollen cheeks
    • Saliva glands swell from vomit
    • Cold all the time (hypothermia)
  • Onset in adolescence
    • Seems to be getting younger
    • Was 17, now 13
  • Any race, SES or culture
  • 10x more likely in girls
  • Co-morbidity
    • 60% have depression
    • 25% have OCD
    • 25% have anxiety disorders
  • With purging
    • Substance abuse
      • 15-20x more likely
    • Anxiety (no OCD)
      • 3x more likely
  • Medical effects
    • Retarded Growth (height)
    • Low bone mass density
    • Delayed puberty
    • Liver problems (malnutrition)
    • Heart disease (arrhythmia)
    • Seizures & tremors
    • Death (about 5%)
      • Starvation & suicide

Terms

• anorexia nervosa
• anxiety
• anxiety disorders
• appetite suppressants
• artificial sugar
• bad breath & tooth enamel
• binge-eating
• binge-purge
• BMI
• body checking
• bone mass density
• buffet of high-calorie foods
• bulimia nervosa
• co-morbidity
• crash dieting
• delayed puberty
• depression
• distorted body image
• eating disorders
• estrogen
• excessive exercise
• exercising to exhaustion
• fasting
• fat absorption
• female monkeys
• fructose
• gastric bypass surgery
• gender identity
• homosexuality
• hypothermia
• ideal weight
• irrational fear of gaining weight
• laxatives
• malnutrition
• menstrual period
• Müllerian ducts
• obesity
• obsessive compulsive (OCD)
• perfectionism
• Prader-Willi syndrome
• prenatal influences
• purging
• retarded growth
• rituals
• sexual differentiation
• sexual orientation
• stomach distension
• syndromal obesity
• underweight
• vas deferens = tube from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
• vomiting
• weight loss
• Wolffian ducts
• XX
• XY

Quiz

• 1. Even the best weight loss programs have a 2 yr success rate of:
  • a.           10-20%
  • b.           20-40%
  • c.           40-60%
  • d.           70%+
• 2. Which is a classic symptom of anorexia:
  • a.           compensating binge with excessive exercise
  • b.           binge-purge 2+x wks for 3 mo
  • c.           15% below ideal weight
  • d.           repeated binge-eating
• 3. Anorexia has comorbidity with:
  • a.           depression
  • b.           anxiety
  • c.           OCD
  • d.           all of the above
• 4. Which lead to female internal organs:
  • a.           Müllerian ducts
  • b.           Kohlerian ducts
  • c.           Wolffian ducts
  • d.           Donald ducts
• 5. Your private sense of gender (experience self as man or woman) is:
  • a.           cognitive centralism
  • b.           sexual orientation
  • c.           gender identity
  • d.           personification

Answers

• 1. Even the best weight loss programs have a 2 yr success rate of:
  • a.           10-20%
  • b.           20-40%
  • c.           40-60%
  • d.           70%+
• 2. Which is a classic symptom of anorexia:
  • a.           compensating binge with excessive exercise
  • b.           binge-purge 2+x wks for 3 mo
  • c.           15% below ideal weight
  • d.           repeated binge-eating
• 3. Anorexia has comorbidity with:
  • a.           depression
  • b.           anxiety
  • c.           OCD
  • d.           all of the above
• 4. Which lead to female internal organs:
  • a.           Müllerian ducts
  • b.           Kohlerian ducts
  • c.           Wolffian ducts
  • d.           Donald ducts
• 5. Your private sense of gender (experience self as man or woman) is:
  • a.           cognitive centralism
  • b.           sexual orientation
  • c.           gender identity
  • d.           personification

Summary

Bonus

Photo credit

Photo by Rodion Kutsaiev on Unsplash

Shutterstock

Photo

Story

A major change of season.

Puberty is the last of big physical changes in development, at least until things start going down hill. It’s when sexual attraction and hormones kick in. Adolescents are becoming more independent but they overestimate their abilities. They are not-quite adults.

Here’s what is included in this lesson:

• Changes in boys
• Changes in girls
• Menarche
• Attraction

Mind Map

Notes

• Puberty
  • Changing from child to adult
  • Enabling of sexual reproduction
  • Initiated by hormones
  • Changes in gonads
    • Ovaries in girls
    • Testes in boys
  • Onset (varies greatly)
    • Girls 10-11
    • Boys 11-12
  • Completed by (varies greatly)
    • Girls 15-17
    • Boys 16-17
  • Precocious puberty
    • Start earlier than usual
    • Delayed puberty
    • Start later than usual
• Boys & Girls Both
  • Skin & hair become more oily
  • Height & weight increase
  • Underarm hair
  • Pubic hair
  • Pimples
  • “Filling in” & “Filling out”
  • Growth spurt
  • Body odor: more fatty acid in sweat
  • Secondary sex characteristics: look more male or female
• Adolescent Egocentrism
  • Two types:
  • 1. Imaginary audience
    • Feel being watched-judged
    • What you wear, what do
  • 2. Personal fable
    • Perceive self as special-unique
    • No one understands me
    • My thoughts are unique
    • Invulnerable
• Boys
  • Physically
  • Still developing
  • 1st physical sign of puberty
    • Gonadarche
    • Testicles get larger
    • 6 years to reach adult size
  • 2nd (1 year later) penis shaft
    • Length & breadth increase
    • Foreskin retracts
    • Glans penis (distal end)
    • Equivalent of clitoral glans
  • Foreskin retraction
    • Childhood: foreskin covers glans
    • Bonded with membrane
  • Puberty:
    • Membrane disintegrates
    • Progressively able to retract foreskin without pain
  • Balls drop
    • At birth, testicles descend into scrotum
    • At puberty, scrotum hangs lower
    • Scrotum
      • gets larger
      • hang below body
    • Regulated temperature
      • Keep sperm alive
  • Testes produce:
    • Hormones (testosterone)
    • Sperm
  • Morning wood
    • Nocturnal penile tumescence
    • Erection during sleep
    • Erection when wake-up
  • Random erections
    • Spontaneous & involuntary
    • Bulge, package, hump
    • Normal (even before birth)
  • Breasts become tender
    • Get “lumps”
  • Pubic hair
    • After genitalia begin to grow
    • Starts at dorsal (abdomen)
    • Gradually fill public triangle
    • Then toward thighs & navel
  • Hair (in order)
    • Underarm
    • Around anus
    • Upper lip
    • Sideburns
    • Around nipples
    • Beard
    • Chest (may take 10 years, if at all)
  • Voice change
    • Larynx grows in both sexes
    • More in boys
      • longer & thicker vocal folds
      • voice deepens one octave
    • Precedes facial hair
  • Heavier bones
  • Double in muscle mass
    • Adult males compared to females
    • 150% of lean body mass
    • 50% of the body fat
  • First ejaculation
    • Usually occurs while asleep
    • Isn’t socially celebrated
    • Carries no sperm
• Girls
  • Physically
    • Still developing
  • First menstrual period
  • Increase in body fat
  • Breasts enlarge
  • Hips widen
  • Menarche
    • Beginning of menstruation
    • Is socially celebrated
    • Carries no egg
  • 1st sign of puberty (age 11) = tender lump in breasts
    • One or both
    • Firm but softens as grows
    • Flat prepubertal breast
    • Mature size, then nipples
  • 2nd noticeable change
    • Pubic hair
      • Along labia
      • Pubic triangle
      • Thighs
      • Navel
  • As estrogen increases
    • Mucosal surface of vagina
      • Thicker
      • Dull pink (instead of bright red)
    • Increase in size of uterus, ovaries & follicles
  • First menstrual bleeding
    • Periods not regular
      • Settle in about two years
    • Ovulation not occur
    • Chance result of:
      • thickening of endometrium
      • rising but fluctuating estrogen
    • Happens when:
      • 17% body fat
      • Hypothalamus releases GnRH
        • pulse generator
      • Tells pituitary to release
        • FSH (follicle stim. hormone)
        • LH (luteinizing hormone)
      • Ovaries release estrogen
        • But not ovulation
  • 1st Menarche
    • Usually brighter red
    • Small amount & brief
      • Spotting
    • Abdominal cramps
    • Social discussion
    • Indicates
      • Uterus responds to estrogen
      • Uterus-endometrium-cervix-vagina connections open
      • Endometrium (inner most layer of uterus)
  • Ovulation usually not included
    • 1 year 80% anovulatory
    • 3 year 50% anovulatory
    • 5 year 10% anovulatory
  • For consist ovulation
    • Need 22+% body fat
  • Can ovulate before menarche
    • Theoretically possible to be pregnant before menarche
  • Menstruum = flow
    • Blood (fresh & clotted)
    • Endometrial tissue
  • Other Characteristics
    • Thickening of lips & oral mucosa
    • More smooth muscle in vagina
    • Increase in fat tissue
    • Clitoris gets larger (testosterone)
    • Darkening of areola
    • Hips & pelvis widen
    • Red lips
• Attraction
  • Women
    • Periovulatory period
      • Mid-point of menstrual cycle
      • Sexual interest increases
    • High estrogen levels
      • Prefer men look-act masculine
  • Body Image
    • Facial symmetry
    • Very difficult to find
    • Takes billons of cells
    • In same places on each side
  • Men should have:
    • relatively longer lower face
    • prominent chin & brow
    • defined cheekbones
    • broad forehead
    • chiseled jaw
  • Women should have:
    • Baby face
    • Large eyes
    • Small nose
    • Narrow jaw
    • High cheekbones
    • Fatter than they think should be
  • Ratios
    • Between eyes
      • 46% of total width
    • Between eyes & mouth
      • 36% of total height
• Overestimation
  • Men overvalue of muscles
  • Women overvalue of thinness

Terms

• abdominal cramps
• adolescence = ages 13-19, transition from child to adult, puberty
• adolescent egocentrism
• anorexia nervosa = eating disorder, self-starvation, intense fear of weight gain, loss of control
• anovulatory
• attraction
• baby face
• balls drop
• body fat
• body image
• body odor: more fatty acid in sweat
• bulimia nervosa = eating disorder, counters overeating with radical exercising or purging
• cervix
• clitoral glans
• clitoris
• darkening of areola
• delayed puberty
• egg
• endometrial tissue
• endometrium = inner most layer of uterus
• erection
• estrogen
• facial symmetry
• filling in & filling out
• foreskin
• foreskin retraction
• formal operational stage= Piaget’s stage, abstract and symbolic thinking
• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
• glans penis (distal end)
• GnRH
• gonadarche
• gonads
• growth spurt
• hips & pelvis widen
• hormones
• hypothalamus
• hypothetico-deductive reasoning = Piaget’s stage, think like a scientist, generate a general theory
• imaginary audience
• invulnerable
• irregular periods
• labia
• larynx
• lean body mass
• LH (luteinizing hormone)
• menarche
• menstrual bleeding
• menstrual cycle
• menstrual period
• menstruum = flow
• morning wood
• nocturnal penile tumescence
• ovaries
• overestimation
• ovulation
• periovulatory period
• personal fable
• pimples
• precocious puberty
• prepubertal breast
• primary sexual characteristics = sex organs (ovaries or testes)
• propositional thought = Piaget’s stage, mastered in adolescence, logical abstract thought
• puberty
• pubic hair
• pubic triangle
• pulse generator
• random erections
• scrotum
• secondary sex characteristics = look more male or female
• secular trend = average age of puberty is decreasing
• sexual reproduction
• sperm
• spermarche = development of sperm in boys
• spotting
• testicles
• testosterone
• uterus
• vagina

Quiz

• 1. Teens perceiving themselves as special-unique is a:
  • a.           formal operations task
  • b.           executive function
  • c.           personal fable
  • d.           episodic trait
• 2. As a girl goes through puberty her vagina turns _____ and her lips ______.
  • a.           stiff, soften
  • b.           pink, red
  • c.           red, pink
  • d.           red, red
• 3. Rising but fluctuating estrogen levels help cause:
  • a.           follicle depletion
  • b.           FSH depletion
  • c.           menarche
  • d.           ovulation
• 4. In general, boys overemphasize the value of their:
  • a.           narrow foreheads
  • b.           friendliness
  • c.           muscles
  • d.           height
• 5. What’s the 1^st sign of puberty in girls:
  • a.           tender lump in breasts
  • b.           deeper voice
  • c.           wider hips
  • d.           red lips

Answers

• 1. Teens perceiving themselves as special-unique is a:
  • a.           formal operations task
  • b.           executive function
  • c.           personal fable
  • d.           episodic trait
• 2. As a girl goes through puberty her vagina turns _____ and her lips ______.
  • a.           stiff, soften
  • b.           pink, red
  • c.           red, pink
  • d.           red, red
• 3. Rising but fluctuating estrogen levels help cause:
  • a.           follicle depletion
  • b.           FSH depletion
  • c.           menarche
  • d.           ovulation
• 4. In general, boys overemphasize the value of their:
  • a.           narrow foreheads
  • b.           friendliness
  • c.           muscles
  • d.           height
• 5. What’s the 1^st sign of puberty in girls:
  • a.           tender lump in breasts
  • b.           deeper voice
  • c.           wider hips
  • d.           red lips

Summary

Bonus

Photo credit