Lifespan
Prenatal
Photo
Story
The human nest.
Prenatal development is both complicated and fast paced. In only 40 weeks, a single fertilized egg matures into a baby. We explore the question: when does life begin?
Here’s what is included in this lesson:
- Ovulation
- Fertilization
- Implantation
- Germinal stage
- Embryonic stage
- Fetal stage
Mind Map
Notes
- Female sex cells
- Eggs & Ovaries
- Left & right
- Attached to uterus by ligaments
- Not attached to fallopian tubes
- 250k cells in each at birth
- Limited supply
- Ovarian stem cells add more
- Classic Example
- Hormones stimulate monthly
- FSH (folicle stimulating)
- LH (luteinizing hormone)
- One ovary ovulates
- Randomly left or right
- Release one egg
- Follicle swells with fluid
- Follicle erupts
- Mature egg pushed thru wall
- Fluid & cell
- Fallopian tube fimbria (fringe)
- Fill with blood
- Brushes egg into tube
- Fallopian tube contractions move egg along toward uterus
- If unfertilized, egg moves to uterus, expelled
- If fertilized, egg moves to uterus
- Subdividing as it goes
- Implanted
- Hormones stimulate monthly
- In real life
- Can release more than one egg
- Fraternal twins
- Each can have its own Dad
- Ovulate with no menstrual period
- Can ovulate but no egg
- Irregular ovulation
- Normal cycle varies between folk
- 21-35 days typical
- Normal cycle can vary in you
- Pain when ovulation begins
- Pain when egg pushed out
- Pain from fallopian contractions
- Pain from uterine contractions
- Can release more than one egg
- Ovum (ova is plural)
- Grain of sand
- 23 chromosomes
- 22 match 22 of men
- 23rd is X chromosome
- Male sex cells
- Testicles
- Outside ovaries
- Sperm factories
- Sperm
- Produced daily
- Kept alive by nurse cells
- Takes 2-3 months to mature
- Stored for release
- Die daily
- 23 chromosomes
- 22 match the 22 of women
- 23rd determines sex
- X or Y
- Girl (XX) or boy (XY)
- 3 parts
- Head; covered with enzymes
- Middle (connector)
- Tail
- Process
- Sperm ejaculate 300 million
- Enter vagina
- 20% die immediately
- Can live 4-5 days
- 10% make it through cervix; 3 million
- Must swim upstream
- Go to correct fallopian tube
- Fallopian tubes
- About width of pencil
- Collect & transport zygote
- Go from ovary to uterus
- Long, thin tubes
- 2 (left & right)
- Fimbria = fringe
- collection end of tube
- finger-like projections
- actively go and get egg
- Cilia = tiny hair-like fibers
- “feed” it into fallopian tube
- Problems:
- tubal ectopic pregnancies
- inflammation (infection)
- cancer (extremely rare)
- scar tissue (adhesions)
- cysts
- fertilization occurs in fallopian tube
- Classic Example
- Good swimmers
- 1000 reach ovum
- 1 binds with egg
- Penetrates egg
- Swells in size
- Releases DNA
- Chromosomes line up
- Pairs connect
- Dominant-recessive
- Unique combinations
- Takes 24 hours
- Germinal Stage Week 1 & 2
- Week 1
- Fertilization to implantation
- Zygote = 1 fertilized egg
- Surrounded by plasma membrane
- Mother’s body changes
- Uterine lining is developing
- Cleavage
- partitions zygote into 2 cells
- 30 hours after fertilization
- Zygote remains the same size
- Component cells are smaller
- Morula
- Solid ball of 32 cells
- Day 4-5 but still same size
- Blastula
- Same size as original cell
- Hollow ball of 250+ cells
- Filled with fluid
- 2 layers
- Inner layer = blastocyst
- becomes embryo
- Outer layer = trophoblast
- attaches itself to uterine wall = implantation
- Inner layer = blastocyst
- Implantation
- Blastula arrives at uterus
- Day 7-8
- Stays in uterus a couple of days
- Imbeds itself in uterine wall
- Day 11-14
- Blastula secretes hormones
- hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)
- Maintains corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum secretes progesterone for 1st trimester
- human placental lactogen (HPL)
- Anti-insulin properties
- Facilitates fetus’ energy supply
- Mother may notice missed period
- Conception = fertilization or implantation?
- Embryo Stage Week 3-8
- Fetal Stage Week 9-39
- Week 24 (6 months)
- 50% viability
- Lungs produce surfactant
- Surfactant
- keeps lungs air sacs from collapsing when we exhale
- Week 26-27 (3rd trimester)
- 85% viability
- 1.5-2 pounds, 10 inches
- Week 28 (7 months)
- Brain surface is wrinkled
- Breathing & body temp controlled by brain
- Week 32 (8 months
- Eyes open when alert
- Closed when sleeping
- Eye color is blue
- regardless of permanent color
- requires exposure to light
- Week 39-40
- 98% viability
- Expected date of delivery
- 280 days from last menses period (LMP)
- 8 pounds, 20 inches
- Week 40-42
- full term
- 70+ reflexes
- has 300 bones
- adults have 206 (some fuse together)
- Week 24 (6 months)
Terms
- 300 bones
- 70+ reflexes
- age of viability = somewhere about 6 months pregnant, fetus can survive if born
- alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) = alcohol-related developmental disabilities
- amnion = fluid-filled sac that holds developing fetus
- anoxia = low oxygen; potential cause of brain damage during delivery
- Apgar Scale = evaluation of newborns on complexion, pulse, reflexes, activity & respiration
- blastocyst
- blastula
- breech position = non-head-first birth (buttocks or feet)
- cancer
- cervix
- cesarean delivery = surgical delivery of babies through abdominal wall, typically in distress
- chorion = outermost layer of an embryo, developed by follicle cells of ovary
- chromosomes
- cilia
- cleavage
- corpus luteum
- DNA
- egg
- ejaculatation
- embryo = first 8 weeks of prenatal development
- embryo stage
- enzymes
- expected date of delivery
- expel
- fallopian tube
- fallopian tube contractions
- female sex cells
- fertilization
- fertilized egg
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) = continuum of disorders cause by prenatal alcohol exposure
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) = prenatal exposure to alcohol, leading cause of mental retardation
- fetal monitors = monitors fetal heart rate & mother’s uterine contractions
- fetal stage
- fetus = from week 8-40 of prenatal development
- fimbria
- follicle
- fraternal twins
- FSH (folicle stimulating)
- full term
- germinal stage
- hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)
- hormones
- human placental lactogen (HPL)
- implantation
- infant mortality = death of infant under 1 year old
- inflammation
- irregular ovulation
- lanugo = soft fine hair on fetus, normally disappears before birth
- last menses period (LMP)
- LH (luteinizing hormone)
- ligaments
- menstrual period
- morula
- natural childbirth (prepared) = 1930’s movement, noninvasive methods to reduce delivery pain
- Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) = test for infant 3 days to 4 weeks, checklist
- neural tube = develops into spinal cord and brain
- non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep = 3 sleep stages that precede REM
- ova (plural)
- ovarian stem cells
- ovaries
- ovulation
- ovum
- partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS) = prenatal alcohol exposure: CNS damage & growth deficiency
- placenta = organ that filters mother’s blood supply for developing fetus
- preterm infants
- progesterone
- rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep = stage of sleep that includes vivid dreams & sleep paralysis
- reflex = smallest amount of behavior, sensory neuron goes to spinal cord & triggers motor neuron
- Rh factor incompatibility = can be a problem in delivery with fetus & mother’s blood come in contact
- scar tissue & cysts
- small-for-date infants = below 10th percentile in weight
- sperm
- sperm head
- sperm middle
- sperm tail
- states of arousal = levels of consciousness, including sleep
- sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) = unexpected death of infant under age 1
- surfactant
- teratogen = any substance that interferes with embryo development
- testicles
- trimesters = 40 weeks of pregnancy divided into 3 sections
- trophoblast
- tubal ectopic pregnancy
- umbilical cord = connects fetus and placenta
- unfertilized egg
- uterine contractions
- uterus
- vagina
- vernix = vernix caseosa, white coating on newborn’s skin, waxy texture
- viability
- visual acuity = clearness, focus; newborn have limited vision
- XX
- XY
- zygote
Quiz
- 1. Which weeks are the fetal stage of development:
- a. 1-4
- b. 3-11
- c. 9-40
- d. 10-49
- 2. A solid ball of 32 cells is called a:
- a. ovumento
- b. morula
- c. zygote
- d. cilia
- 3. When is a fetus 50% viable?
- a. week 18
- b. week 24
- c. week 28
- d. week 32
- 4. If 300 million sperm enter the vagina, how many reach the ovum?
- a. 1
- b. ~1000
c. ~10,000 - d. ~100,000
- 5. Typically, fertilization occurs in the:
- a. fallopian tube
- b. vagina
- c. uterus
- d. cervix
Answers
- 1. Which weeks are the fetal stage of development:
- a. 1-4
- b. 3-11
- c. 9-40
- d. 10-49
- 2. A solid ball of 32 cells is called a:
- a. ovumento
- b. morula
- c. zygote
- d. cilia
- 3. When is a fetus 50% viable?
- a. week 18
- b. week 24
- c. week 28
- d. week 32
- 4. If 300 million sperm enter the vagina, how many reach the ovum?
- a. 1
- b. ~1000
c. ~10,000 - d. ~100,000
- 5. Typically, fertilization occurs in the:
- a. fallopian tube
- b. vagina
- c. uterus
- d. cervix
Summary
Bonus
Photo credit
Saga of Dave
Dave, our fictional character, does not exist…yet. When he does, there are a lot of things we are going to want to know about him. All of the following characteristics will be a part of understanding Dave.
Before we get to Dave, let’s discuss development itself. There are five things you should know.
Genetics
The building blocks of heredity.
Genetics is what makes us unique. There is a shuffling of genes in the making of sperm & eggs. This makes each egg and sperm different from all the rest. Offspring from the same mother and father have the same building blocks but each house (so to speak) is different.
Then when the unique sperm meets a unique egg, there is more matching and mismatching. This process is more systematic, as Mendel showed. But all these connections between parental genetic contributions give us great diversity in our genetic makeup.
Here’s what is included in this lesson:
- Mendel
- dominant-recessive
- autosomal genes
- sex-linked genes
- polygenic traits
Photo
Story
Mind Map
Notes
- Genetics
- Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
- 1st experimental study genetics
- Took long walks, found unusual ornamental plant
- Planted it next to typical variety
- Grew progeny side by side
- Found
- Offspring show essential traits of parents
- Not influenced by environment
- Each transmits only half its hereditary factors to its offspring
- Different offspring of same parents receive diff set of hereditary factors
- Traits inherited in certain ratios
- Genes dominant or recessive
- Factors are inherited intact
- Humans
- 46 chromosomes
- 23 from each; paired
- 25,000 genes (all together)
- Two copies, 1 from each
- Matching is by chance
- Shuffling
- Unique combination
- Genes affect structures
- No single gene causes any behavior
- Dominant = single copy from either parent carries trait
- Heterozygous = coded differently
- Recessive
- Copy from each parent required
- Can unknowingly carry disease
- Can be hidden for generations
- Affected parent (Dad or Mum)
- All children have equal chance of inheritance
- Dominant-Recessive
- Dominant Wins ¾ Times
- Dominant Dominant
- Dominant Recessive
- Recessive Dominant
- Recessive Recessive
- Mendel’s peas
- smooth or wrinkled
- green or yellow
- short or tall
- Incomplete Recessive
- In some flowers
- Red and white produce pink
- In humans
- Most cases that look incomplete
- Multiple mutations
- Tay-Sachs disease
- 2 different recessive mutations
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Carriers show no symptoms
- Unless climb mountains (low oxygen)
- Tay-Sachs disease
- Single Traits
- 1. Autosomal Traits
- Not X or Y
- Autosomal = equal in each sex
- Single gene on an autosome (non-sex chromosome)
- Dominant Trait Examples:
- Huntington’s disease
- Neurological disease
- Many copies of gene segment
- Recessive Trait Examples:
- Albinism
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Affected parent (Dad or Mum)
- Children have 50% of inheriting one mutated allele
- Either get yours or spouse’s
- Makes you a carrier
- Carrier
- One mutated allele
- One normal allele
- Allele = gene option (green or yellow)
- Put two carriers together
- 25% chance will transmit mutated gene
- 1 will be unaffected
- 2 will be carriers
- 1 will be affected
- Get 2 bad copies
- 2. Sex-Linked Traits
- Sex-linked = appear in only one sex
- X-Chromosome Linked
- Females
- Inherit X from mother
- Inherit X from father’s mother
- Healthy copy beats unhealthy
- Problems in women only when both copies flawed
- Rare
- Have 1 bad copy = carrier
- Have 2 bad copies = show trait
- Y-Chromosome
- Most genes come in pairs
- Except males
- One Y chromosome
- One X chromosome
- Get X chrom. from mother
- Only one copy
- No backup
- Y-Linked Traits
- Only in men
- Traits passed from father to son
- Few genes on Y chromosome
- Coffin-Lowry Syndrome
- Mutation in ribosomal protein gene
- Mental retardation
- Short stature
- Craniofacial
- Skeleton
- Male Pattern Baldness
- Begins in front, move backward
- M shape, then U-shaped
- Current best gues
- Susceptibility Y-linked; can pass on to son
- Hair structure X-linked
- 3. Sex-limited Traits
- Autosomal traits that are expressed differently in males & females
- Sex-limited = appear in both
- Male & female elephant seals
- 1. Autosomal Traits
- Single Gene Disorders
- 4000+
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Hemophilia
- Sickle cell
- PKU (Phenylketonuria)
- Autosomal Recession
- 100% genetic
- Nonfunctional hepatic enzyme
- Can’t process amino acid (phenylalanine)
- Can lead to
- mental retardation & seizures
- death at young age
- Diet without substances that need enzyme
- 100% environment
- Two factors
- Gene
- Diet
- Polygencic Disorders
- Complex & multifactorial
- Multiple genes in combination
- 10 genes involved in eye color
- Cluster in families
- No clear pattern
- Run in families
- Also lifestyle and environment
- Examples
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Heart disease & hypertension
- Asthma
- Mood disorders
- Cleft palate
- Obesity
- Cancer
Terms
- 25,000 genes
- 46 chromosomes
- affected parent
- albinism
- allele
- asthma
- autosomal traits
- autosome
- canalization = robustness, strongly canalized behaviors develop in many different environments
- cancer
- carrier
- chromosomes = combination of DNA, RNA and protein; human cells have 46 (23 pairs); holds genes
- cluster
- Coffin-Lowry syndrome
- collectivist societies = cultures that value group achievement; opposite of individualism
- cystic fibrosis
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) = molecule of genetic code, double-helix structure
- dominant
- dominant–recessive inheritance = Medelian theory, genes don’t mix, win-lose (freckles, no-freckles)
- environmental influence
- epigenesis = assumes relationship between genetics and environment is bidirectional
- essential traits
- experimental study of genetics
- extended-family household = children parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles; all in one house
- fraternal twins (dizygotic) = two fertilized eggs, different gene combination, same environment
- gametes = reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
- gene = short piece of genetic code (DNA and RNA)
- genes
- genetic counseling = helping patients at risk for inherited disorders to evaluate options
- genetic–environmental correlation = amount both factors contribute to a trait
- genetics
- genomic imprinting = non-Mendelian inheritance, genes are chemically turned on or off
- genotype = genetic composition
- hemophilia
- hepatic enzyme
- hereditary factors
- heritability estimate = how much trait is due to genetics
- heterozygous
- heterozygous = each parent gives different allele (freckles & no-freckles)
- homozygous = each parent gives same allele (freckles gene from each)
- Huntington’s disease
- hypertension
- identical twins (monozygotic) = single fertilized cell divides, each becomes a child
- incomplete dominance = mixing of two traits, each halfway; might not exist in humans
- incomplete recessive
- individualistic societies = cultures that value personal achievement; opposite of collectivism
- inheritance
- kinship studies = compare family characteristics; including identical twin studies
- male pattern baldness
- meiosis = replication of gonad cells, shuffles genes in each chromosome pair, makes 4 gametes with only 23 chromosomes, each is a unique combination of parents” genetic material
- Mendel, Gregor
- Mendel’s peas
- mitosis = cell replication process of making two identical copies
- mood disorders
- multifactorial
- multiple mutations
- multiple sclerosis
- mutation
- niche-picking = tendency to pick activities that match inherited traits
- obesity
- offspring
- phenotype = observation characteristics
- PKU (Phenylketonuria)
- polygencic disorders
- polygenic inheritance = traits based on multiple genes
- prenatal diagnostic methods = testing for diseases and conditions before birth
- progeny
- public policies = governmental programs and laws
- range of reaction = portion of gene-environment interaction due to genetics
- recessive
- sex chromosomes = pair of chromosomes that determine sex of offspring
- sex-limited traits
- sex-linked traits
- shuffling
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- single gene disorders
- single traits
- socioeconomic status (SES) = composite of work experience, education & family wealth
- subculture = cluster within a society, group that differentiates itself from general culture
- Tay-Sachs disease
- X chromosome
- X-linked inheritance = genes on female chromosome, inherit from mother-grandmother
- Y chromosome
- Y-linked inheritance = genes on male chromosome, only a few genes present
- zygote
Quiz
- 1. Who 1st studied genetics experimentally:
- a. Mendel
- b. Erikson
- c. Freud
- d. Galen
- 2. Y-linked traits occur only in:
- a. spring
- b. boys
- c. girls
- d. trick question; boys & girls
- 3. A gene option (green-yellow flowers) is an:
- a. occipita
- b. ablator
- c. ovum
- d. allele
- 4. In humans, most major diseases are:
- a. orthogonal
- b. polygenic
- c. apotosic
- d. Y-linked
- 5. What condition is caused by a single dominant gene:
- a. cystic fibrosis
- b. heart disease
- c. Huntington’s
- d. albinism
Answers
- 1. Who 1st studied genetics experimentally:
- a. Mendel
- b. Erikson
- c. Freud
- d. Galen
- 2. Y-linked traits occur only in:
- a. spring
- b. boys
- c. girls
- d. trick question; boys & girls
- 3. A gene option (green-yellow flowers) is an:
- a. occipita
- b. ablator
- c. ovum
- d. allele
- 4. In humans, most major diseases are:
- a. orthogonal
- b. polygenic
- c. apotosic
- d. Y-linked
- 5. What condition is caused by a single dominant gene:
- a. cystic fibrosis
- b. heart disease
- c. Huntington’s
- d. albinism
Summary
Bonus
Photo credit
Story
Dave, our fictional character, does not exist…yet. When he does, there are a lot of things we are going to want to know about him. All of the following characteristics will be a part of understanding Dave.
Before we get to Dave, let’s discuss development itself. There are five things you should know.
Science of Change
Autumn is an annual reminder of change.Thing do not stay the same. There are cycles. But it turns out that measuring change is difficult.
Developmental Characteristics
Photo
Story
Let’s follow Dave.
Dave is a hypothetical typical person. And we’ll follow his entire lifespan. But let’s start with what development is.
Here’s what is included in this lesson:
- 11 characteristics of development
- 4 goals for studying development
- Maturation
- Lifespan
Mind Map
Notes
- Developmental Psych
- Lifespan Development
- Child Development
- Adolescence
- Geriatrics
- Includes all aspects of humans
- from conception to death
- life span
- Constancy and change
- Consistent
- Always changing
- Principles
- Maturation = rogrammed series of change
- Maturation must be:
- Relatively resistant
- Sequential
- Universal
- Early development is elated to later development
- Not perfect correlation
- 4 Goals for studying development
- Describe
- Explain
- Predict
- Modify
- 11 Primary Characteristics
- 1. Lifelong
- Lifespan
- understanding all aspects of humans
- from conception to death (life span)
- 2. Consistent & Dynamic
- Stability vs Change
- happy kids, what when grown
- dynamic: always changing
- One Course w many sub-paths
- Cultural norms are not requirements
- Stability vs Change
- 3. Continuous & discrete
- Stages: overlapping or separate
- Everyone goes thru the same steps in same order
- Universal
- Sequential
- Relatively resistant
- Steps or Waves
- 4. Multidimensional
- Many things change at once
- 3 Domains
- A. Biosocial Domain
- How body affected
- genetics, nutrition & health
- motor movement, cognition, experience, breastfeeding
- B. Cognitive Domain
- Mental processes
- Knowledge & awareness
- Sensation & perceptions
- Language & memory
- C. Psychosocial Domain
- Culture & society
- Social skills
- Emotional characteristics
- 5. Multi-disciplinary
- Medicine & neuroscience
- Psychology & sociology
- Chemistry & biology
- Anthropology
- 6. Multi-directional
- Change is not linear
- failures & successes
- Both unpredictable & predictable
- morphogenesis = getting more organized
- apoptosis = programmed cell death
- Change is not linear
- 7. Multi-contextual
- Many contexts
- Flexible
- Rules don’t always apply; even in the same context
- Social context
- Rules change from place to place
- 8. Multi-cultural
- Each culture has own
- Traditions
- Values
- Tools
- Age-graded
- Drive when 16
- Married by 21
- History-graded
- Everyone get at same time
- Phone, TV, internet
- 9. Plastic
- Can change at any point in time
- Positively or negatively
- Great potential for change
- Usually don’t
- Can change at any point in time
- 10. Sensitive
- Sensitive periods
- Critical periods
- Summative & Existential
- Early experiences cause later problems
- 11. Interactive
- Person, heredity & environment
- Multiple interacting forces
- Active child
- Actively influence own develop
- Passive child
- At mercy of the environment
- 1. Lifelong
Terms
- age-graded influences
- behavior modification
- behaviorism
- chronosystem
- clinical interview
- clinical method (case study)
- cognitive-developmental theory
- cohort effects
- contexts
- continuous development
- correlation coefficient
- correlational design
- cross-sectional design
- dependent variable
- developmental cognitive neuroscience
- developmental science
- discontinuous development
- ecological systems theory
- ethnography
- ethology
- evolutionary developmental psychology
- exosystem
- experimental design
- history-graded influences
- independent variable
- information processing
- lifespan perspective
- longitudinal design
- macrosystem
- mesosystem
- microsystem
- naturalistic observation
- nature–nurture controversy
- nonnormative influences
- normative approach
- psychoanalytic perspective
- psychosexual theory
- random assignment
- resilience
- sensitive period
- sequential designs
- social learning theory
- sociocultural theory
- stage
- structured interview
- structured observation
- theory
Quiz
- 1. Development is both consistent and:
- a. uni-dimensional
- b. overlapping
- c. dynamic
- d. passive
- 2. Maturation must be:
- a. overlapping
- b. sequential
- c. reversible
- d. localized
- 3. Driving when you are 16 is an:
- a. age-graded tradition
- b. morphogenesis
- c. critical period
- d. bad idea
- 4. Children who actively influence own develop are:
- a. rapid processors
- b. segmented
- c. precocious
- d. active
- 5. Things can change at any point, so development is said to be:
- a. progressive
- b. contextual
- c. simplistic
- d. plastic
Answers
- 1. Development is both consistent and:
- a. uni-dimensional
- b. overlapping
- c. dynamic
- d. passive
- 2. Maturation must be:
- a. overlapping
- b. sequential
- c. reversible
- d. localized
- 3. Driving when you are 16 is an:
- a. age-graded tradition
- b. morphogenesis
- c. critical period
- d. bad idea
- 4. Children who actively influence own develop are:
- a. rapid processors
- b. segmented
- c. precocious
- d. active
- 5. Things can change at any point, so development is said to be:
- a. progressive
- b. contextual
- c. simplistic
- d. plastic
Summary
Bonus
Photo credit
Saga of Dave
Dave, our fictional character, does not exist…yet. When he does, there are a lot of things we are going to want to know about him. All of the following characteristics will be a part of understanding Dave.
Before we get to Dave, let’s discuss development itself. There are five things you should know.
