- Developmental Characteristics
- Science of Change
- Start of Life
- Early Childhood
- Childhood
- Adolescence
- Pre-tene
- Puberty
- Personal Identity
- Suicide
- Early Adult
- Schizophrenia
- College & Career
- Marriage & Kids
- Adulthood
- Elderly
- End of L8fe
- When Does Life End
- Death & Dying
Notes
BioPsych Notes
Perception Notes
There are five things we are going to look at:
- Sensation
- Gestalt
- Vision
- Rods & Cones
ff
Perception is a combination of sensation (collecting input stimuli) and the process of understanding what all the inputs mean.
- Sensation
- sensory input
- Hermann’s grid
- 1. Perception
- Organizing sensory input
- Interpreting sensory input
- Recognizing objects
- Extracting meaning
- Linear model
- perception
- recognition
- action
- stimulus
- transduction
- neural activity
- knowledge
- Not that simple
- Bottom-up
- Top-down
- Stroop Effect
- Red
- Orange
- Blue
- Green
- Stroop Effect
- Canonical Perspective
- Rat-Man art
- Cognitive Psych
- round hole; oval
- Gestalt
- Doesn’t translate easily to English
- configuration, form, holistic, structure, and pattern.
- How phenomena become organized into whole meaningful figures
- Visual perception is an active creation
- not merely the adding up of lines and movement.
- “The whole is different than the sum of it’s parts.”
- Max Wertheimer
- Challenge’s Wundt structuralism
- Perception is more than parts
- Phi Phenomenon
- Apparent motion effect
- 6 Gestalt principles
- phi phenomenon
- figure and ground
- Characteristics
- Bounded (closed)
- Symmetrical
- Brighter
- Smaller
- Convex
- Characteristics
- ClosureSee objects as whole
- Missing pieces are interpolated
- Similarity
- form
- angle
- Proximity
- Objects close to each other are associated together
- Pragnanz
- simplicity and regularity
- 3. Vision
- Light
- electromagnetic
- frequency
- wave length
- longer is slower
- color spectrum
- wave length
- amplitude = how tall wavewave height is
- intensity
- absorb and reflect
- Source
- see object’s reflection
- everything but purpole is absorbed
- relative distance
- color and smoothness
- Eye
- cornea (2/3 of eye’s focus)
- aqueous humor
- pupil
- iris
- lens
- vitreous humor
- dead spot
- Occipital lobe
- dorsal stream
- where you & things are
- temporal stream
- what you are seeing
- object recognition
- Inferior Temporal Cortex
- identifying objects
- Cells respond to physical
- Also to what viewer perceives
- Figure & background
- Respond same way even if change position, size and angle
- Identifying objects
- Important for shape constancy
- Face recognition
- fusiform gyrus of inferior temporal cortex
- Left = recognizes “face-like” features in objects
- Right = determines if actual face
- Faces
- Car model identification
- Bird species
- dorsal stream
- Rods & Cones
- 2 types of visual receptors
- 2 separate systems
- A. Scotopic
- Rods
- Black & white
- Poor quality
- Fast response, low light
- Target detection
- B . Photopic
- Cones
- Color
- High quality
- Slow, lots of light
- Target identification
- Rods
- Inside rods:
- cell nucleus
- fiber ending in a single end-bulb (a rod spherule)
- Connect to bipolar cells
- Many rods to one ganglion
- Spatial summation
- Rods are peripheral
- Low quality images
- Intensity & shades of gray
- Sensitive to lots of wavelengths
- Cones are centralized
- Day vision
- Target identification
- Slow processing
- High quality images
- Color
- Sensitive to specific wavelengths
- Structure
- Shorter, broader, and more tapered than rods
- Have no visual purple
- Contain 1 of 3 photopigments
- long
- medium
- short
- Each fovea cone
- Direct line to brain
- Exact location of point of light
- Inside rods:
- Light
- 4. Color
- Molecules absorb light
- Even molecules come in colors
- If hit by light, molecule changes
- Chromophore
- Form of Vitamin A
- Photons changes it shape
- Causes activation of large protein called an opsin
- Opsin Comparison
- Several types, similar process
- Rods
- Thermally stable
- Rhodopsin
- Cones
- Less stable
- Photopsins
- Long = Red region
- Medium = Green region
- Short = Blue region
- Respond to range of wavelengths
- Not just one color
- Varies with light intensity
- Different combos of 3 pigments
- Each cone detect all colors
- Level of energy need varies
- Color is pattern of photo receptor activity
- yellow: L more than M
- red: L much more than M
- Green is easy to see
- 3 Color receptors (plus B-W)
- Long = slow red light
- Medium = medium green light
- Short = fast blue light
- Rods = intensity
- Retina output
- 1.5 million ganglion cells
- fovea: some cones 1:1
- fovea edge: some cones 5:1
- periphery: thousands:1
- Spatially encodes images
- Filters & compresses data
- 100 times more receptors than ganglion cells
- Spontaneously firing base rate
- Increase rate = excitation
- Decrease rate = inhibition
- Molecules absorb light
- 5. Theories of color
- A. Trichromatic
- Young-Helmholtz Theory
- 3 types of cones
- doesn’t explain red-green color blindness
- doesn’t explain afterimage
- B. Opponent-Process Theory
- Paired opposites:
- white-black
- red-green
- yellow-blue
- Afterimages from fatiguing
- Prolonged stimulation
- doesn’t explain color constancy
- Paired opposites:
- C. Retinex Theory
- Recognize color as light changes
- Cortex compares inputs
- Determines appropriate bright
- A. Trichromatic
- A
- B
- Color Vision
Notes
Here are the class notes for TOPIC.
Perception is a combination of sensation (collecting input stimuli) and the process of understanding what all the inputs mean.
- Sensation
- sensory input
- Hermann’s grid
- 1. Perception
- Organizing sensory input
- Interpreting sensory input
- Recognizing objects
- Extracting meaning
- Linear model
- perception
- recognition
- action
- stimulus
- transduction
- neural activity
- knowledge
- Not that simple
- Bottom-up
- Top-down
- Stroop Effect
- Red
- Orange
- Blue
- Green
- Stroop Effect
- Canonical Perspective
- Rat-Man art
- Cognitive Psych
- round hole; oval
- Gestalt
- Doesn’t translate easily to English
- configuration, form, holistic, structure, and pattern.
- How phenomena become organized into whole meaningful figures
- Visual perception is an active creation
- not merely the adding up of lines and movement.
- “The whole is different than the sum of it’s parts.”
- Max Wertheimer
- Challenge’s Wundt structuralism
- Perception is more than parts
- Phi Phenomenon
- Apparent motion effect
- 6 Gestalt principles
- phi phenomenon
- figure and ground
- Characteristics
- Bounded (closed)
- Symmetrical
- Brighter
- Smaller
- Convex
- Characteristics
- ClosureSee objects as whole
- Missing pieces are interpolated
- Similarity
- form
- angle
- Proximity
- Objects close to each other are associated together
- Pragnanz
- simplicity and regularity
- 3. Vision
- Light
- electromagnetic
- frequency
- wave length
- longer is slower
- color spectrum
- wave length
- amplitude = how tall wavewave height is
- intensity
- absorb and reflect
- Source
- see object’s reflection
- everything but purpole is absorbed
- relative distance
- color and smoothness
- Eye
- cornea (2/3 of eye’s focus)
- aqueous humor
- pupil
- iris
- lens
- vitreous humor
- dead spot
- Occipital lobe
- dorsal stream
- where you & things are
- temporal stream
- what you are seeing
- object recognition
- Inferior Temporal Cortex
- identifying objects
- Cells respond to physical
- Also to what viewer perceives
- Figure & background
- Respond same way even if change position, size and angle
- Identifying objects
- Important for shape constancy
- Face recognition
- fusiform gyrus of inferior temporal cortex
- Left = recognizes “face-like” features in objects
- Right = determines if actual face
- Faces
- Car model identification
- Bird species
- dorsal stream
- Rods & Cones
- 2 types of visual receptors
- 2 separate systems
- A. Scotopic
- Rods
- Black & white
- Poor quality
- Fast response, low light
- Target detection
- B . Photopic
- Cones
- Color
- High quality
- Slow, lots of light
- Target identification
- Rods
- Inside rods:
- cell nucleus
- fiber ending in a single end-bulb (a rod spherule)
- Connect to bipolar cells
- Many rods to one ganglion
- Spatial summation
- Rods are peripheral
- Low quality images
- Intensity & shades of gray
- Sensitive to lots of wavelengths
- Cones are centralized
- Day vision
- Target identification
- Slow processing
- High quality images
- Color
- Sensitive to specific wavelengths
- Structure
- Shorter, broader, and more tapered than rods
- Have no visual purple
- Contain 1 of 3 photopigments
- long
- medium
- short
- Each fovea cone
- Direct line to brain
- Exact location of point of light
- Inside rods:
- Light
- 4. Color
- Molecules absorb light
- Even molecules come in colors
- If hit by light, molecule changes
- Chromophore
- Form of Vitamin A
- Photons changes it shape
- Causes activation of large protein called an opsin
- Opsin Comparison
- Several types, similar process
- Rods
- Thermally stable
- Rhodopsin
- Cones
- Less stable
- Photopsins
- Long = Red region
- Medium = Green region
- Short = Blue region
- Respond to range of wavelengths
- Not just one color
- Varies with light intensity
- Different combos of 3 pigments
- Each cone detect all colors
- Level of energy need varies
- Color is pattern of photo receptor activity
- yellow: L more than M
- red: L much more than M
- Green is easy to see
- 3 Color receptors (plus B-W)
- Long = slow red light
- Medium = medium green light
- Short = fast blue light
- Rods = intensity
- Retina output
- 1.5 million ganglion cells
- fovea: some cones 1:1
- fovea edge: some cones 5:1
- periphery: thousands:1
- Spatially encodes images
- Filters & compresses data
- 100 times more receptors than ganglion cells
- Spontaneously firing base rate
- Increase rate = excitation
- Decrease rate = inhibition
- Molecules absorb light
- 5. Theories of color
- A. Trichromatic
- Young-Helmholtz Theory
- 3 types of cones
- doesn’t explain red-green color blindness
- doesn’t explain afterimage
- B. Opponent-Process Theory
- Paired opposites:
- white-black
- red-green
- yellow-blue
- Afterimages from fatiguing
- Prolonged stimulation
- doesn’t explain color constancy
- Paired opposites:
- C. Retinex Theory
- Recognize color as light changes
- Cortex compares inputs
- Determines appropriate bright
- A. Trichromatic
