Personally

Here are my notes on this topic:

1. Sensation

• Smell
• Vestibular
• Sound
• Tactile
• touch
• temperature
• pain
• pressure

2. Gestalt

• German for shape or form
• pre-cognitive theory
• based on perception research
• integrated whole
• Figure & ground
• whole is greater than the sum of its parts
• self-organizing tendencies
• principle of totality = conscious thought is a relational complex
• phi phenomenon = flashing lights look like moving directionally
• Max Wertheimer
• Biotic experiments
• not double-blind experiments
• prefer phenomenon experimental analysis
• goal is to find a phenomenon and asses its sensory qualities and perceptual impact
• A reaction to structuralism of Wundt and Titchener
• Gestalt researchers
• Werheimer, Koffka, Kohler, Stumph
• Golden ratios
• Psychophysical isomorphism = correlation of experience and mental activity

3. Vision

 Light

• • electromagnetic energy
  • magnetism
  • electricity
  • third dimension
  • Frequency
    • how often it comes
    • wave length (peak to peak)
    • longer is slower
    • color
    • part of spectrum
  • Amplitude
    • wave height
    • intensity
    • brightness
  •  Absorb & reflect
    • light source
    • observer
    • see reflection
    • object absorbs waves
    • see color not absorbed
    • impacted by
    • relative distance
    • smoothness

Eye

• transducer
• Light hits cornea of ee
• Exits by optic nerve
• Optic chiasm
  • noses cross
• LGN
  • small, oval, one on each side
  • relay center
  • eye to thalamus to occipital
  • six layers of grey
  • alternate with white matter
  • part of thalamus collection
  • 90% of fibers go to LGN
  • 10% to superior colliculus
  • controlling eye movements
  • sent on to paretial lobe
  •  up center of head
• Blind Sight
  • cortically blind
  • lesions in striate cortex of occipital lobe (VI)
  • respond to visual stimuli
  • don’t consciously see
  • research on patiens who have blindness on only one visual field
• Occipital lobe outputs
• Dorsal path (where pathway)
  • to parietal lobe
  • damage
  • normal vision
  • can read, recognize faces, describe objects
  • know what things are but not where
  • can’t reach out and grab
• Ventral path (what pathway)
  • to temporal lobe
  • ventral stream
  • damage
    • see where but not what
    • can see and gratb
    • can’t watch TV
    • can’t read
    • can’t recognize faces
  • to inferior temporal cortex
    • object recognition
    • face recognition
    • u pright faces
  • fusiform gyrus
    • left identifies face-like
    • right identifies actual faces
    • car model indentification
    • bird species
• Geniculo-striate p athway

4. Rods & Cones

• Retina
• depression is retina
• macula
• fovea
• net of layers
• Macular degeneration
• dry: drusen deposits
• wet: choroid intrusion
• Rods
• stable
• black and white
• poor quality images
• good for target detection
• low light (10k more sensitive than cones)
• Cones
• 3 types: long, medium, short
• some in fovea connect 1 to 1 to occipital lobe
• color
• high quality images
• target identification
• high light

 5. Color Vision

• molecules absorb light
• even molecules come in colors
• hit by light, change shape
• Chromophore
  • type of bitamin A
  • causes activation of large proteins called opsins
• Energy graph
  • read from top to bottom
  • amount of energy needed to respond to particular color
• Color is pattern of activity
  • yellow = L more than M
  • Red. = L is much more than M
  • Green = easy to see
• Theories of Color
• Trichromatic
  • Young-Helmhotlz
  • 3 types of cones
  • doesn’t explain red-green color blindness
  • afterimages
• Opponent Process
  • paired opposites
  • white-black
  • red-green
  • yellow-blue
  • afterimages from prolonged stimulation (fatiguing of receptors)
  • doesn’t explain color constanc
• Retinex
  • recognize color as light changes
  • cortex compares inputs, determines brightness