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Here are my notes on this topic:

1. Conception

• Trying to conceive
  • 2 healthy people
  • unprotected sex 
  • 25%
  • Increase odds
    • know when      ovulate
      • not always easy
    • if cycle regular
      • start 5-6 days before ovulation
      • sex every 2-3 days
      • abstain from ejaculating for 2-3 days
      • every day abstain
      • sperm count increases
      • sperm mobility decrease
      • best compromise: wait 1 day
      • sex every other day
    • if cycle is irregular
      • any time is equally likely
• Trying NOT to conceive
• Abstinence
• Barrier methods
  • condoms
  • diaphragm
  • cervical cap
  • contraceptive sponge
• Short-acting hormones
  • birth control pills
  • vaginal ring
  • skin patch
  • injections
• Long-acting hormones
  • Last for 3-10x
  • copper IUD (ParaGard)
  • hormonal IUD (Mirena)
  • Implant (Nexplanon)
• Sterilization
  • tubal ligation
  • vasectomy
• Awareness
  • rhythm method (calendar)
• After
  • morning-after pill

2. When does life begin?

• potential
• fertilization
  • zygote
  • cleavage
  • morula
  • blastula
• implantation
  • secretes HPL
  • 2 weeks, may miss period
• viability
  • week 24 = 50%; week 26 = 85%; week 39 = 98%
• birth

3. When does life end?

• mirror
• feather
• Balfour’s test
• Not yet dead
  • vegetative state
  • persistent vegetative state
  • permanent vegetative state
  • clinically dead
  • resuscitation
• Brain dead

4. Dying

Pre-dying

• Agonal stage
• lack of oxygen

Process of Dying

• Pallor mortis
• Algor mortis
• Rigor mortis
• Livor mortis
• Putrefaction
• Liquefaction
• Skeletonization

5. What now

• Death certificate
• Manners of death
• Burial options
• Stages of grief

Here are my notes on this topic:

1. People

• Ivan Pavlov
  • Pavlov’s dogs
  • food produces salivation
  • neutral stimulus produces some salivating
  • multiple pairing (50+)
  • bell, click, etc. 
• Watson
  • psychology as science
  • Morgan’s canon
  • behaviorism
  • black box
  • white rat psychologist
  • Little Albert
    • fear is classically conditioned
  • stimulus discrimination: respond to one stimulus but not another
  • higher-order conditioning: CS functions as UCS 
• Bekhterev
  • father of objective. psychology
  • hippocampus & memory
  • Bekhterev’s disease (ankylosing spondylitis)
  • killed by Stalin?

 

2. Components

• Reflexes
  • Associated stimuli elicit a response
  • reflex plus triggering stimulus produces reflex-like response
• phobias: irrational fears
• claustrophobia
• PTSD
• low level processing
• Classical Conditioning
  • unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  • unconditioned response (UCR)
  • conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • conditioned response (CR)
• Sometimes, the UCR and the CR can be the same level
• conditioning happens gradually.
• trial: any pairing of stimuli
• examples: elevators, emotional response (shoes), smell, arousal, and drugs
• acquisition stage
• extinction
• spontaneous recovery
• stimulus generalization

 

3. Timings

• order of presentation
• forward conditioning
• simultaneous conditioning
• backward conditioning
• trace conditioning
• inter-stimulus interval (ISI)

 

4. Latent Inhibition

• unfamiliarity
• blocking
• size
• stimulus generalization
• connections are strong
• discrimination
• experimental neurosis
• reinforcement
• associations, not substitutions
• limbic system
• limits

 

5. Spontaneous Recovery

• extinction
• spontaneous recovery
• reinstatement

Here are my notes on this topic:

1. Applied Classical Conditioning

• Watson
  • Little Albert
  • J. Walter Thompson Advertising
    • Ponds cold cream
    • Maxwell house “coffee break”
    • pestimonials
    • Pebeco toothpaste
    • seduction, smoking is okay if use Pebeco
  • Advertising

2. Aversion Learning

• Avoidance : stopping from doing (I control)
• Aversion: Strong dislike or disinclination (external control)
• Taste Aversion
  • Fairly common
  • Sushi
  • Chemotherapy: associate drug nausea with food
  • Toxic, poisonous or spoiled food
  • Operant or classical conditioning?
  • Not require cognitive awareness
  • One trial
  • Long time between $ and effect
  • Hot dog at lunch, sick at night
  • Garcia, John
    • Garcia effect
    • Coincidental, not food caused
    • Rats given sweetened water before radiation
    • 3 groups
    • No radiation            chose sweet.   80%
    • Mild radiation          mix                40%
    • Strong radiation       tap                  10%
    • Choice of sweetened or tap water
    • Moral: stimulus used in classical conditioning matters
    • An internal stimulus produced an internal response while an external stimulus produced an external response; but an external stimulus would not produce an internal response and vice versa
  • Seligman
    • Sauce-bearmaise syndrome
• Risk Aversion
  • Prefer outcomes with low uncertainty
  • Even if can get more reward
  • More predictable but less profitable
  • Rotter
    • Behavior = likelihood and size of reward
  • Kahneman & Tversky
    • Tend to avoid risk if choice is between gains
    • Seek risks when choice is between losses
    • For example, most people prefer a certain gain of 3,000 to an 80% chance of a gain of 4,000. When posed the same problem, but for losses, most people prefer an 80% chance of a loss of 4,000 to a certain loss of 3,000.
  • Brain
    • Risk aversion in right inferior frontal gyrus
  • Deal or No Deal
    • People are more risk averse in limelight
  • Investors
  • Investors trade more frequently and more speculatively with online trading (instead of phone)
• Loss Aversion
  • Prefer avoiding losses
  • Loss preceeds loss aversion
  • Previously experienced (loss)
  • Start another relationship after breakup
  • Expected to happen (risk)
  • Loss aversion is twice as strong as risk
  • Much worse to lose $100 than satisfaction of winning $100
  • Expectations
  • belief about an outcome; can create loss aversion even if nothing bad has happened
  • Framing
  • $5 discount or as a $5 surcharge

3. Avoidance Learning

• Bad experience
• Don’t go back
• Put on sun glasses before going out
• Avoidance parados: no stimulus, so what maintains behavior
• Discriminated avoidance experiment
• Neutral stimulus (light) is followed by aversive (shock)
• Press lever to prevent aversive stimulus: avoidance
• Free-operant avoidance learning
• No neutral stimulus
• Periodically gets shock unless press lever periodically

4. Escape Learning

• Bad experience
• Get out
• Behavior terminates aversive stimulus
• Cover eyes, cover ears, leave location
• Negative reinforcement
• Neutral stimulus (light) is followed by aversive (shock)
• Press lever to terminate aversive stimulus: escape

5. PTSD

• Mental disorder?
• Traumatic event occurs
• Most don’t have symptoms
• War: 75% no symptoms
• Any person
• Any age
• Symptoms after event
• Symptoms within first 3 months
• Flashback: relive episode
• Disorder: cause disruption
• Longer than month
• Heredity?
• Twins in Vietnam war, more likely
• Smaller hippocampus more likely
• Heightened startle response
• Brain
  • High levels of cortisol, can’t reset
  • Low levels of serotonin (regulate emotion)
  • Low levels of dopamine (what’s important)
  • Less active ventromedial areas (regulation of emotion)
  • Smaller hippocampus (emotional memories not processed)
  • May self-medicate with drugs and alcohol
•  Shell shock
• Combat neurosis

 

Here are my notes on this topic:

1. Skinner

• atheoretical
• operational definition
• built on Thorndike
• fiction
• functional analysis
• animal research
• one subject at a time
• antecedent
• behavior
• consequence

2. Operants

• class of behavior
• phone answering
• person-centered
• functional analysis
• criticisms

3. Reinforcement

• primary
• secondary
• generalized conditioned reinforcers
• Gramma’s law
• positive reinforcement
• negative reinforcement

4. Schedules of Reinforcement

• continuous
• fixed interval
• fixed ratio
• variable interval
• variable ratio

5. Punishment

• positive punishment
• negative punishment
• difficulties
• don’t punish

 

Here are my notes on this topic:

1. Clicker Training (behavior modification)

• Karen Pryor
  • Positive reinforcement
  • No punishment
  • Shaping
  • Classically conditioning to link clicker & primary reinforcer
  • Not Lure
• Animals
  • zoos
  • horses
  • dogs & cats
• Humans
  • gymnastics

2. Systematic Desensitization

• Joseph Wolpe
• Incompatible response
• Anxiety stimulus hierarchy
• Relaxation & coping skills (Hierarchy of fear)
• Systematic exposure to stimuli while relaxed
• Raise finger

3. Applied behavior analysis

• What’s In A Name
• Behavior modification
• Less attention to context and behavior-environment interactions
• Behavior engineering
• Applying empirical approaches to changing behaviors
• Uses respondent and operant conditioning
• 3 versions
  • 1.    Radical behaviorism (philosophy of science): Skinner
  • 2.    Experimental analysis (basic research)
  • 3.    Applied behavior analysis
• Assess context
  • Targeted behavior
  • Environment
  • Interactions
• Used in
  • Animal behavior
  • Positive behavior is school
  • Autism
  • Rehab of brain injuries
  • Fitness training
  • Substance abuse
  • Phobias
• Organizational behavior management

4. Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)

• Increase psychological flexibility
• Steven Hayes
• Comprehensive distancing
• Focuses acceptance and comment therapy (FACT)
• Move toward valued behavior
• Open up to unpleasant feelings
• Learning not to overact
• Learn to not avoid situations
• Positive spiral
• Just notice, accept, embrace

5. Organizational Behavior Management

• Contingency management
• Analyze antecedent (triggers)
• Influencing actions
• Consequence
• Based on programmed instruction
• Owen Aldis (Of Piegeons and Men); reinforcement schedules
• Task clarification (use memos, checklists), signs
• Consequence interventions (feedback on performance)
• Reinforcement

Here are my notes on this topic:

1. Principles

• Some things are easier to remember than others
• positive
• distinctive
• meaningful
• related to you
• Memories stored in different media
• Two phases
• availability
• accessibility
• Cluster
• Creative Memory
• memory is generative
• Misinformation
• memory is actively updated

2. Memory Systems

• sensory
• procedural
• prospective
• declarative
•   semantic
•   episodic
• implicit
•   muscle memory

3. Ebbinghaus

• Before memory
• Aristotle
• Descartes
• Ebbinghaus
• word-completion test
• complete this sentence
• color vision
• mental capacity
• Ebbinghaus’ illusion
• Already knew
•   difficulty increases with list length
•   frequent repetitions
•   serial position effect
• Discoveries
•   difficulty & amount learned not one to one
•   forgetting curve
•   within-list associations help
•   overlearn
•   total time hypothesis
•   distributed practice
•     1 hour day
• 10k

4. Encoding

• encoding
• structuring
• retrieving
• forgetting
• not good at remembering nonsense syllables
• some things easier to forget than others
• loss depends on context

5. False memories

• photographs
• vividness
• eye-witness testimony
• smashed or bumped
• store recipe, not meal
• source monitoring