Story
Terms
- acquisition stage
- associated stimuli
- associations
- backward conditioning
- behaviorism
- Bekhterev
- black box
- blocking
- classical conditioning
- conditioned response (CR)
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- connections
- discrimination
- elicit
- experimental neurosis
- extinction
- fear
- forward conditioning
- higher-order conditioning
- inter-stimulus interval (ISI)
- latent inhibition
- limbic system
- limits
- Little Albert
- low level processing
- multiple pairing (50+)
- neutral stimulus
- objective psychology
- order of presentation
- Pavlov
- Pavlov’s dogs
- phobias
- PTSD
- reflex
- reinstatement
- response
- salivating
- simultaneous conditioning
- size
- spontaneous recovery
- stimulus
- stimulus discrimination
- stimulus generalization
- timings
- trace conditioning
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- unfamiliarity
- Watson
- white rat psychologist
Quiz
1. Instead of classical conditioning, Pavlov preferred:
- a. associative reflex
- b. covert behavior
- c. stereotyping
- d. reflexology
2. Food before the bell would be:
- a. simultaneous conditioning
- b. backward conditioning
- c. forward conditioning
- d. trace conditioning
3. Which ISI is optimal for conditioning:
- a. one-third second
- b. one-half second
- c. one second
- d. one-half minute
4. For Pavlov, in classical conditioning, the dogs’ saliva was:
- a. unconditioned stimulus
- b. topological controller
- c. conditioned stimulus
- d. psychic secretion
5. We use the terms of ___________ but the interpretations of ____________.
- a. Pavlov, Bekhterev
- b. Bekhterev, Pavlov
- c. Pavlov, Guthrie
- d. Bekhterev, Guthrie
1. Instead of classical conditioning, Pavlov preferred:
- a. associative reflex
- b. covert behavior
- c. stereotyping
- d. reflexology
2. Food before the bell would be:
- a. simultaneous conditioning
- b. backward conditioning
- c. forward conditioning
- d. trace conditioning
3. Which ISI is optimal for conditioning:
- a. one-third second
- b. one-half second
- c. one second
- d. one-half minute
4. For Pavlov, in classical conditioning, the dogs’ saliva was:
- a. unconditioned stimulus
- b. topological controller
- c. conditioned stimulus
- d. psychic secretion
5. We use the terms of ___________ but the interpretations of ____________.
- a. Pavlov, Bekhterev
- b. Bekhterev, Pavlov
- c. Pavlov, Guthrie
- d. Bekhterev, Guthrie
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Pavlov was an expert on digestion. He won a Nobel Prize for his research on how animals, including human, use reflexes in the digestion process. When food is presented, our digestive juices begin to flow, preparing us to digest food.
This preparing process begins before the food is in our tummy. It starts before we swallow. It starts when we see food, smell it or even just think about it. These associations we have with food were the beginning of classical conditioning.
Here are 5 things we’ll cover:
- People
- Components
- Timings
- Latent Inhibition
- Spontaneous Recovery
Things To Remember
- People
- Components
- Timing
- Latent inhibition
- Extinction, recovery & reinstatement
Here are my notes on this topic:
1. People
- Ivan Pavlov
- Pavlov’s dogs
- food produces salivation
- neutral stimulus produces some salivating
- multiple pairing (50+)
- bell, click, etc.
- Watson
- psychology as science
- Morgan’s canon
- behaviorism
- black box
- white rat psychologist
- Little Albert
- fear is classically conditioned
- stimulus discrimination: respond to one stimulus but not another
- higher-order conditioning: CS functions as UCS
- Bekhterev
- father of objective. psychology
- hippocampus & memory
- Bekhterev’s disease (ankylosing spondylitis)
- killed by Stalin?
2. Components
- Reflexes
- Associated stimuli elicit a response
- reflex plus triggering stimulus produces reflex-like response
- phobias: irrational fears
- claustrophobia
- PTSD
- low level processing
- Classical Conditioning
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- conditioned response (CR)
- Sometimes, the UCR and the CR can be the same level
- conditioning happens gradually.
- trial: any pairing of stimuli
- examples: elevators, emotional response (shoes), smell, arousal, and drugs
- acquisition stage
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery
- stimulus generalization
3. Timings
- order of presentation
- forward conditioning
- simultaneous conditioning
- backward conditioning
- trace conditioning
- inter-stimulus interval (ISI)
4. Latent Inhibition
- unfamiliarity
- blocking
- size
- stimulus generalization
- connections are strong
- discrimination
- experimental neurosis
- reinforcement
- associations, not substitutions
- limbic system
- limits
5. Spontaneous Recovery
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery
- reinstatement
This includes Pavlov and his dogs, taste aversion, and why your cat comes when the can-opener makes whirly noises.
Outline
- Associated stimuli elicit a response
- reflex plus triggering stimulus produces reflex-like response
- phobias: irrational fears
- claustrophobia
- PTSD
- Ivan Pavlov
- Pavlov’s dogs
- food produces salivation
- neutral stimulus produces some salivating
- multiple pairing (50+)
- bell, click, etc.
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- conditioned response (CR)
- Sometimes, the UCR and the CR can be the same level
- conditioning happens gradually.
- trial: any pairing of stimuli
- examples: elevators, emotional response (shoes), smell, arousal, and drugs
- acquisition stage
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery
- stimulus generalization
- Bekterev
- John B Watson
- Little Albert experiment
- stimulus discrimination: respond to one stimulus but not another
- higher-order conditioning: CS functions as UCS
- Guthrie
- HAM
- FITS
- Others
- instinctive drift: innate response tendencies (rooting)
- John Garcia: taste aversions (smell & nausea, but not other senses)
- Edward Tolman: latent learning (see it later)
- Robert Rescorla: signal relations (predictive value of a CS). Strong CS-US means CS predicts the coming of US. Rescorla-Wagner model: how surprised at US. Explains blocking effect (hard to learn new CS-US relationship if familiar CS is present. Math formula.
- Edward Thorndike
- Instrumental Learning
- Law of Effect – If a Response in the presence of a Stimulus leads to Positive Effects, the Associations between the Stimulus and Response is Strengthened.
- Learning is Gradually “Stamped In” to the Mind.
- B.F. Skinner
- Reinforcement – Occurs when an event following a Response increases the Organisms tendency to make that Response.
- A Response is Strengthened because it Leads to Rewarding Results.
1.
Things To Explore
Things To Explore
Here are 5 things you need remember from this class session. Each class covers a lot of material but I want you to focus on only a few items. Everything is valuable but some things are more important
Read all of the supplemental material you want. Explore everything that catches your fancy but here are five things you need to know:
- People
- Components
- Timing
- Latent inhibition
- Extinction, recovery & reinstatement
Bonus
Credit: Photo by MIKHAIL VASILYEV on Unsplash
