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Context is a version of
Context means to weave ideas together. We experience things in one setting but they look different in another setting. Where we are when we pick out our socks makes a difference, because a dark closet is not the same context as your front yard. Perception depends on its context.
Thinking and learning depend on context too. You remember who was with you when. you saw your favorite movie for the first time. A candle lit dinner is not the same as one under fluorescent lights. When we store a memory, we also store location and environmental cues as well. We are very sensitive to our environment.
Here are 5 things we’ll discuss:
- Context Overview
- Encoding Specificity Principle
- Top-Down Processing
- State Dependent Learning
- Reinstatement
Text
- ambient lighting
- ambiguous item
- available cues
- b or a 13
- Baddeley, Alan
- bottom-up processing
- cold
- context
- context cues
- context-dependent learning
- cued recall
- decoding
- deductive
- deep sea divers
- deer driving
- down-up
- dress rehearsals
- Ebbinghuas
- emotion
- encoding
- Encoding Specificity Principle
- environmental cues
- episodic memories
- external context-dependent cues
- extract meaning
- far transfer
- flooded with memories
- free recall
- inductive
- internal state-dependent cues
- internal states
- location
- mood
- movie reviews
- multiple contexts
- music
- near transfer
- noise
- pain
- pattern recognition
- perception
- recall
- recognition
- recognition tests
- reinstatement
- retracing your steps
- retrieval mode
- smells
- state-dependent cues
- state-dependent learning
- Stroop Effect
- Stroop, John Ridley
- top-down processing
- triggers
- Tulving, Endel
- vvisualization
- within list associations
- word connections
Quiz
- Which is a factor in context dependent learning:
- a. ambient lighting
- b. music
- c. noise
- d. all of the above
- When you can read something as a b or 13, it is an:
- a. ambiguous item
- b. averaged cue
- c. analogical cue
- d. all of the above
- Who stated the Encoding Specificity Principle:
- a. Baddeley
- b. Tulving
- c. Galton
- d. Stroop
- Difficulty saying colors instead of words in shown in the:
- a. Ebbinghaus effect
- b. Polyanna effect
- c. Tulving effect
- d. Stroop effect
- Retracing your steps to remember something is trying to activate:
- a. state dependent cues
- b. location cues
- c. far transfer
- d. flooding
- Which is a factor in context dependent learning:
- a. ambient lighting
- b. music
- c. noise
- d. all of the above
- When you can read something as a b or 13, it is an:
- a. ambiguous item
- b. averaged cue
- c. analogical cue
- d. all of the above
- Who stated the Encoding Specificity Principle:
- a. Baddeley
- b. Tulving
- c. Galton
- d. Stroop
- Difficulty saying colors instead of words in shown in the:
- a. Ebbinghaus effect
- b. Polyanna effect
- c. Tulving effect
- d. Stroop effect
- Retracing your steps to remember something is trying to activate:
- a. state dependent cues
- b. location cues
- c. far transfer
- d. flooding
recognition
1. Context Overview
- writing = words are woven together
- combination of all the word connections
- perception = yourself in relation to the world around you
- how you, objects and places relate to each other
Context is the whole that is larger than the sum of its parts.
- People track their environments
- use info to decide what to do in any given circumstance
- discriminate between locations
Recall best when the encoding and decoding contexts are the same
- learn in a quiet environment, recall in a quiet
Ebbinghuas & context: within list associations
External context makes a difference
- choose an encoding environment that is similar to where you must recall it
2. Encoding Specificity Principle
Endel Tulving, Canadian psychologist
- cued recall of word lists
- improved when the encoding and decoding contexts match
- location
- need to be in “retrieval mode”
- trying to use all available cues
1970s, educators were freaking out; exact classroom?
- do best when the contexts match
- less well when less similar
retrieving episodic memories (stories of your life)
- best when you recall them where you learned them
- lost an idea, you go back to where you first had it and it reappears
- retracing your steps triggers those original cues
location provides strong cues
- drug rehab
- cues can act as triggers of emotional responses
Alan Baddeley
deep sea divers
- cold (deeper you go underwater) acts a cue for learning
- learning under water (20 feet below the surface) and recalling underwater
- learning under water, recalling on land (by the shore)
- learning on land, recalling on land
- learning on land, recalling underwater
- in free recall, divers remembered best when the learning and remembering conditions matched
context depends on material
- depends on way you test = recall or recognition
- recognition tests
- context and environment cues don’t help much
- free recall, environmental cues are more helpful
- particularly for episodic memories
back to the house; flooded with memories
context clues help us learn
- top of page 34
- circled it with colored chalk
- home court advantage
3. Top-down and down-up processing
Down-up is inductive
Top-down is deductive
- hunting season shooting a fellow hunter
- deer driving
- deer dressed in orange.
- Stroop Effect: top-down processing
- brain recognizes words, wants to process them as words
ambiguous item
- b or a 13 depending on its context
Use context to extract meaning when we read
- movie reviews
- political ads
- take comments out of context
4. State-dependent learning
- internal states
- mood
- pain
- state-dependent cues
- internal states can act as cues
- advertisers show people having fun
- emotion impacts our recall
- When you are happy, remember happy
- When you are depressed, remember depressed
- drugs
Encoding specificity principle applies to music, smells, and ambient lighting
5. Reinstatement of context
- Can overcome external context-dependent cues
- First, imagine you are underwater
- Visualizing removed most of the blockage
- Performance not as good but quite close.
- Your ability to visualize makes a difference
- consciously generate environmental cues
- Second, use multiple contexts
- study under quiet and noisy conditions
- study under bright and dim lighting
- study for recognition and recall
- more variations of environmental cues, the less impact they have
Extends to learning skills
- far transfer
- near transfer
- Karate Kid
- Beechcraft and Cessna
More dress rehearsals
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