Development Notes

Here are my notes on this topic:

Physical development & language development go together

1. Hallmarks

• 1 month
  • burps, grunts, sneezes
  • Exercise voal cords
  • dialogue with caregiver
• 2 months
  • Coo
  • respond to melody of speech
  • laugh out loud
  • roll over
• 3 months
  • consonant words
  • buh bub buh buh
  • Dah Dah Dah Dah
  • Sleep through night
  • Joint attention
    • Follow each other’s gaze
    • Adults label what see
    • speeds up language development
• 6 months
  • babbling
  • prune sounds not in language
  • sit up (supported)
  • baby food
  • phoeme pruning continued
  • Japanese can discriminate r and l when babies
  • by 1 ye ar, don’t
  • discard if don’t need it
  • Deaf infants fall behind in producing well-formed syllables
• 9 months
  • crawl and say dadda
  • maybe mamma
  • babble with an accent
  • finely cut table food
  • Joint attention
    • connecting words & th ings
    • referent is entire object
    • not just action
• 1 year
  • influence behavior of others
  • Use preverbal gestures
  • some words
  • infant games show conversational turn-taking
  • Stand up and single words
  • drink from c up
  • 50% can walk
  • Holophrases
  •   single word sentences
  • • naming = Mamma
    • requesting = milk
    • demanding = up!
• 18-24 months
  • vocabulary spurt
  • everything has a name
  • overextensions = duck
  • under-extensions = Kitty for family cat only
  • 200 words
  • walking
• 2 year olds
  • telegraphic speech (2-3 words)
    • omit nonessentials
    • Daddy shoe
    • More cookie
  • over-regulation
    • over applying reuls of grammar
    • plurals
    • past tens
      • I holded the rabbit
• 3 year old
  • 3 word sentences
  • plural words
• 4 year olds
  • understand size relationships
  • count to four
  • name four colors
  • enjoy rhymes and word play
• 5 year old
  • use pronouns & prepositions
• 6 years old (1^st grade)
  • understand 8000 words
  • use 4000 words
  • able to share toys, food, activities
  • Comprehension precedes production
  • Girls ahead in vocabulary

2. Language development

• Skinner vs Chomsky
• reinforced behavior or language module
• chance or universal grammar
• Speed of acquisition
• # of samples
• Comprehension precedes production
• listen before talk

3. Three studies: Harlow, Conrad & Mischel

Harlow, Harry

• 1932
• Maternal deprivation
  •   Raised in nursery (lab) setting
  •   Not with mothers
• Wire mother vs Cloth mother
• Culture of that time advocated
  •   Limited contact with children
  •   Don’t spoil children
  •   Nursing isn’t important
• Tried to study depression
•   Making monkey’s depressed
  • Isolation chambers
  •   Up to 24 months
  •   Kept going beyond need
  • Unethical

Lorenz, Konrad

• 1935
• Goose eggs
•   Half with mother
•   Half with him

Mischel, Walter

• Marshmallow experiments
• 1960-70s
• Stanford
• Preschooler strategies to resist temptation
• 4 year olds

2 options

• Ring and eat 1
• Wait & get 2
•   Wait longest if “cool” distraction

Strategies

• Cover eyes
• Hide under desk
• Sing songs
• Imagine pretzels instead of marshmallows
• Focus on cotton ball look, not gooey taste
• Pretend it was a picture of marshmallows
•   Can’t eat a picture
• 1/3 waited 15-20 minutes
•   Girls better than boys
•   Developmental skill

Re-evaluated as teenagers

•   Higher SAT scores
•   Higher social competence
•   self-assuredness
•   rated by parents as more mature
•   able to cope with stress
•   plan ahead
•   use reason

As adults

•   less likely to have drug problems
•   Less divorces
•   Less overweight

4. Daniel Kahneman

Thinking fast and slow

Kahneman’s System 1

• cognitive (cool)
• complex and slow
• frontal lobes & hippocampus

Kahneman’s Sytem 2

• emotional (hot)
• simple and fast
• amygdala

5. Jean Piaget

Stages

• continuous or discrete
• wave or step
• Stage theories
  • Freud
  • Erikson
  • Kohlberg
• Piaget
  • 1896-1980
    • 3 mths older than Vygotssky
    • Born in Neuchâte, Switzerland
    • moved to France
  • Helped Alfred Binet develop IQ test
    • Interested in why
    • children consistently gave wrong answers
    • How children use experience to develop understanding of the world
  •  
  • Sensorimotor stage
  • birth to 2 years
  • low competence in using images, language & symbols
  • Peek-a-boo = believe disappear is not exist
  •  
  • Preoperational stage
  • 2-7 years old
  • Egocentric thought
  • view world solely from own perspective
  • Magical thinking
    • My thoughts, wishes & actions
    • Cause things to happen
    •    I made mommy & daddy divorce
    •    I found the new house
  • Assimilation
    • put everything in one category
    • file under “me”
  • Conservation develop;s
    • Learns conservation
    • Quantity unrelated to appearance
  •  
  • Concrete operations stage
    • 7-12
    • logical thought
    • Accommodation
    • break into smaller categories
  •  
  • Formal operations stage
    • 12-adulthood
    • abstract though
    • think like a scientist
    • Principles
      • discovery learning
      • active learning
      • kids think different
      • different structures = schemes
    • 3 A’s
      • Adaptation
      • Assimilation
      • Accommodation
    • Equilibrium vs dis-equilibrium

 

Conservation

• number
• length
• substance
• volume
• area
• weight