3D representation of world
5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) = serotonin
A-alpha neurons
A-beta neurons
Ablation
Absolute distance
Absolute refractory period
Accommodation
Acetylators (fast, slow)
Acetylcholine (Ach) = reporting expected uncertainty in the environment
Acetylcholine receptors
Acuity
Adaptation
Addictive
A-delta neurons
Adenosine (neurotransmitter)
ADHD
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Adrenaline junkie
Aerial perspective
Afferent = toward the brain
Affinity = ability to bind a receptor
Afterimage
Aggression
Agnosia
Agonist = mimics or increases effect of neurotransmitter
All-or-none law
Alzheimer’s disease
Amine = nitrogen compounds; ammonia derivatives
Amino acid
Amphetamines = similar structure to dopamine, inhibit reuptake reverse transporter
Amplitudes (intensities)
Amygdala
Anabolic steroids
Antagonist = blocks or decreases from the effect
Anterior cingulated cortex
Anterograde amnesia
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aphasia
Apraxia
Aqueous humor
Area postrema
Aristotle
Astigmatism
Astrocytes
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) =  controls glutamate transport levels
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
AV3V (anterior-ventral 3rd ventricle)
Axon
Axon hillock
Axon terminals
Axon-axon synapse
Axon-dendrite synapse
Axon-soma synapse
Balloon study
Behavioral research = change behavior, observe brain
Benzene ring
Betz cells
Bilateral = both sides
Binding
Binding site
Binocular cues
Bipolar neurons
Birth defects
Blocking
Blood-brain barrier
Brain
Brain anatomy
Brain injury
Broca, Paul
Broca’s area
Bulimia Nervosa
C fibers
Caffeine
Calcium = ions fuses synaptic vesicle and presynaptic membranes
Carbon monoxide = acts as 2nd messenger
Catalyst = helps start reactions, isn’t used up by reaction
Catecholamines
Cauda equina (horse tail)
Caudal = toward the tail
Central nervous system (CNS)
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral stroke
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cervical nerves
C-fiber
Chemical reactions
Chemical synapses
Chromosomes
Chronic pain
Circadian rhythms
Closed head injury (skull not broke)
Clot
Cocaine = blocks domamine & norepinephrine transporters
Color blindness
Comparative-evolutionary psych = comparing human brains to other species
Complex cells
Compound eyes
COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) = breaks down dopamine in synapse
Concentrations
Conception
Cone pedicules (flattened oval end-bulbs)
Cone pigments
Cones
Conjugations
Consolidation
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Contralateral = opposite side
Convergence
Cornea
Corpus iuteum (part of ovary)
Correlation
Correlational research
Cortical columns
Cortisol
Critical flicker frequency (CFF)
Critical periods
Cross-sectional research
Crystalline lens (bean shaped)
Curare = nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
Dark adaptation
Decussate
Degradation = break up of neurotransmitter in synapse
Dendrite
Dendrite arbors
Dendritic spines
Dependency = psychological need for drug or substance
Dependent variable = what an experimenter observes; it depends on what the subjects do
Depolarization
Depot binding
Depression
Dermatomes
Dexter = right
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Diffusion = particles move from high concentration to low concentration areas
Dilution = solution is less concentrated (add more water, mix with something else)
Dispersion = move from central point (ripple in water)
Display rule
Dissection = surgical division of body to see internal structure
Distal = away from center (peripheral)
Distillation = heat liquid to separate mixture (evaporate as different rates)
DNA sections
Dominant gene
Dopamine
dopamine transporter
Dorsal = toward the backbone; dorsal fin
Dorsal stream
Dorsolateral region
Drug
Drug metabolism
Drusen
Duplicity theory of vision
Dura mater
Dyslexia
Edge detection
EEG
Efferent (toward the muscles)
Efficacy = degree it activates receptor once bound
Electrical synapses
Electromagnetic wave
Embryo
Embryo development
Emotional expression recognition
Endoplasmic reticulum = tube system within neuron
Endorphin
Enriched environment
Enzymatic deactivation
enzyme = molecule that speeds up reaction (catalyst)
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Epithelial
EPSP’s (excitatory post-synaptic potential)
Equilibrium = balance or steady state
Estrogen
Eugenics
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)
Excitatory effect
Extensions
Extracellular thirst = decreased volume
Eye cups
Face recognition
Fatty Acid Theory
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Fissures (large grooves)
Floaters
Flourens (Pierre)
Fluent aphasia
Forebrain
Form agnosia = can’t perceive whole
Founder cells
Fovea
Fraternal twins
Frequencies (colors)
Fritsch & Hitzig
Frontal lobes
Fusiform gyrus
GABA = amino acid; has inhibitory effect
GABAa = ionotrophic
GABAb = metabotropic
Galen
Gall, Franz
Galton, Francis
Gasses = can impact synapses
Gender identity
Gender role
Generalization = finding general laws; a goal of research
Genes
Genetic research = study the influence of heredity on behavior
Geniculo-striate pathway
Geons
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Glial cells
Global aphasia
Glucose Level Hypothesis
Glutamate  = amino acid, main neurotransmitter, excitatory effect
GnRH
Golgi apparatus = organelle that processes proteins
Gonads
Good genes hypothesis (fitness markers)
G-protein = protein that activates 2nd messenger system
Greebles
Grey matter
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Gyri = bulges b/t adjacent sulci or fissures
Gyrus
Hairy ear gene
Haze & blueness
Head injury (open; closed)
Hemorrhagic stroke
High blood pressure
High-T men
Hindbrain
Hippocampus
Histamine = diamine; inhibition of neurons; epinephrine eliminate; antihistamines stop release
Histological research = examining brain tissue or tracing the paths of neural connections
Hubel and Wiesel = orientation columns
Huntington’s disease:
Hydrocodone
Hyperactive-impulsive
Hyperactivity
Hyperopia (far sighted)
Hyperpolarization
hypertension (high blood pressure)
Hypopnea (abnormal low breathing)
Hypothalamus
Impermeable = can’t cross membrane
Impulsivity
Inactivation = degradation of neurotransmitter
Inattentive
Independent variable = what an experimenter manipulates; it is independent of the subjects
Indoleamines (serotonin, melatonin)
Infants
Inferior = toward the bottom of the body
Inferior colliculi – part of auditory system
Inflammation
Inhibition
Insulin = peptide hormone, helps fat cells absorb glucose from blood; verbal memory
Insulin Theory
Integration = summation
Intelligence
Interneurons
Interposition
Ion = # of electrons is different from # of protons
Ion channel
Ionic bond = when particles stick together
Ionotropic effects
Ionotropic receptors (iGluRs)
Ions as neurotransmitter (zinc)
Ipsilateral = same side
IPSP (inhibitory post-synaptic potential)
IQ
Irreversible reactions = once changed, always changed
Ischemic stroke
Jet lag
K-complexes
Kidneys
Kinetic cues
Kisspeptins
Korsakoff’s syndrome
L cones
Lateral inhibition
lateralization
L-cone
L-DOPA
LGN
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Linear perspective
Lipid solubility
Lobes
Localization
Long term memory (LTM)
Longitudinal research = study same people over time (usually months or years)
Low blood pressure
Low-T men
Lumbar
M cones
Macroglia
Macula
Macular degeneration
Magnocellular (large-cell layers), M cells
Magnocellular layers
Major depression
MAO (L-Monoamine oxidases) = oxidize amino acids (breaks down), blocked by amphetamines
MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) = make MAO less effective
M-cone
Mechanoreception
Medial = toward the middle
Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
Medulla oblongata
Meissner’s corpuscles
Melatonin
Membrane = film-like divider (cell membrane)
Membrane potential
Memory consolidation
Memory for events (right hemisphere)
Memory for words (left hemisphere)
Men are hunters theory
Men are right lateralized for object and facial perception
Men have larger cerebrum than women
Men rely on spatial sense (should be “there”)
Men tend to recognize fewer faces of women than women do
Men use hippocampus more
Men: six times more grey matter
Mendel (Gregor)
Meninges = 3 layers of tissue that encase CNS
Menstrual cycle
Merkel’s discs
Metabotropic effects
Metabotropic receptors (mGluRs)
Microexpression
Microglia
Midbrain
Monoamines
Monocular cues
Moon follows you
Morphine = binds to endorphin receptors
Motion parallax
Motor neurons (efferent)
Movement
MSG (monosodium glutamate)
Multipolar neurons
Muscaninic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) = metabotropic receptors
Myasthenia gravis
Myelin
Myelin sheath
Myelinated
Myopia (nearsighted)
N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM
Na+ (sodium)
Narcolepsy
Negative after-potential
Negative ion = more electrons than protons
Negatively charged ion
Neural glue
Neural impulse
Neural integration
Neural plasticity
Neural processing
Neuro-chemical research = analyze chemical components and identify synapses functioning
Neurofibrillary tangles
Neuromodulator
Neuron
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel
Nicatine = binds to acetylcholine receptors
Nictintic acetylcholine receptors (AchR)= ionotropic receptors, myasthenia gravis
Night terrors, bed wetting, sleepwalking
Nissl substance
Nitric oxide = gas, signaling molecule, causes vasodilatation
NMDA = type of glutamate receptor, blocked by alcohol, memory, plasticity
Nociceptors
Nodes of Ranvier
Non-fluent aphasia
Non-myelinated
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Norepinephrine transporter
NREM
Nucleus
Nystagmus
Obesity
Object and face recognition
Occipital lobes
Occlusion
Ocular dominance
Odor cues (perspiration)
Oligodendrocytes
Ommatidium
Open head injury (penetrating)
Opsins
Optic chiasm
Oral appliance therapy (OAT)
Orbitofrontal
Organelles = specialty units
Orientation preference
Osmolite concentration
Osmosis = flow of fluid from high to low concentration (sort of diffusion for liquids)
Ovulation
Pacinian corpuscles
Pain
Paradoxical response (temperature)
Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
Parietal lobes
Parkinson’s disease
Part-whole recognition
Parveocellular (small-cell layers), P cells
Parvocellular layers
Passive conduction
Peptides = not reabsorbed & recycled
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Peripheral neuropathy
Permeable = easily crossable membrane
Phagocytosis = engulf dead cells & form scar tissue
Phantom pain
Phasic = receptors that adapt quickly
Phasic transmission
Pheromone
Photophobia
Photopic system (cones)
Photopigment “bleaches” (breaks down) in the light
Photoreceptor = receptor of photons
Pia mater
Piloerection (goose bumps)
Pineal gland
Pinhole eyes
Pituitary gland
Placebo
Polarization
Polymodal nociceptors
Positive charge
Positive ion = more protons than electrons
Post-synaptic neuron
Postsynaptic receptor
Potential
Precision = hit something consistently (reliability)
Pressure (touch)
Presynaptic facilitation
Presynaptic inhibition
Primary progressive aphasia
Primary sexual characteristics
Primary stress hormone
Primitive streak
Products = outcomes after a reaction
Profound = deep (internal)
Progesterone
Prolactin = peptide hormone, regulates lactation, testosterone, etc.
Prosopagnosia = can’t identify faces
Prostaglandins
Proximal = close to center
Pseudounipolar neurons
Purines
Purkinje cells
Purkinje shift
Pyramidal neurons
Quasi-neurotransmitters (not stored in vesicles)
Radial = open pupil
Reactants = components before a reaction
Reactions = changing one substance to another
Receptor blocker
Receptors
Recessive genes
Recording brain activity = collecting and analyzing electrical impulses or secretions of the brain
Red-green color blindness
Reduction = finding a simpler explanation; a goal of research
Reflection
Reflex arc
Refraction
Refractory period
Regulation
Relative brightness
Relative refractory period
Relative size – smaller is farther away
Release zone
Reliable = get same or similar result every time (broken clock)
REM sleep
Research goals = specific goals vary by study but global goals: generalization and reduction
Resting potential
Restless Leg Syndrome
Reticular formation
Retina
Retinal circulatory system
Retinal disparity
Retinal ganglion cell
Retinotopic mapping
Retrograde amnesia
Reuptake
Reversible reactions = can go back to original state
Rhodopsin (visual purple)
Ribosomes
Ritalin
Rods (scotopic system)
Rostral = toward the nose
Ruffini corpuscles
S cones
Sacral nerves
Salbutamol (synthetic epinephrine)
Saltatory conduction
Satellite cells
Satiety
Schizophrenia
Schlemm’s canal
Schwann cells
Sclera
S-cones
Second messenger
Secondary sexual characteristics
Semipermeable = some can cross membrane
Sensitization
Serotonin (5-HT) = regulates moods, aggression, impulsivity; increased by Prozac & ecstasy
Serotonin syndrome = life-threatening condition, fever, overactive reflexes, hallucinations
Sex differences
Sex hormone:
Sex steroids
Sex-linked
Sexual behavior
Sexual identity
Sexual infantilism
Sexual orientation
Sexy son hypothesis (genetic drift corrector)
Shade & shadow
Sherrington (reflex arc)
Short term memory (STM)
Sigma bands or sigma waves
Silent nociceptors
Simple cells
Sinister = left
Size cues
Size invariance
Skin mapping
Sleep
Sleep apnea
Sleep debt
Sleep disorders
Sleep duration
Sleep stages
sleep study = polysomnogram
Sleep timing
Sleepwalking
Snellen charts
SNRI (selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
Sodium (Na+)
Sodium-potassium transporter
Solubility
Soma
Somatic nervous system
Somatic research = change brain, observe behavior
Somatosensory association cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Sparse representations
Spatial summation
Species-specific behavior
Spectral  sensitivity
Spinal cord
Spinothalamic system
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Stereopsis
Stereotaxic surgery = using 3-D frame and orthogonal coordinates to perform ablation, biopsy,
Steroids
Stimulants
Stomach Contraction Theory
Striate cortex (occipital lobe)
Stroke
Sulci (small grooves)
Summation
Superficial = close to surface
Superior = toward the top of the body
Superior colliculi –part of visual system
Super-threshold stimulus
Sustained signals
Sympathetic nervous system
Synapse plasticity
Synapses
Synaptic cleft
Synaptic vesicles
Synthesis = breaking big molecules into smaller ones
Synthetic sex steroids
Tactile sensations
Target cells
Target detection
Target identification
Temperature
Temporal lobes
Temporal stream
Temporal summation (add up light over time)
Teratogens
Terminal button
Testes vs. ovaries
Testosterone
Texture density gradients
Thalamus
Thermal nociceptors
Threshold
Thrombotic stroke
Tissue damage
Tolerance
Tonic transmission
Transient global amnesia
Transporters
Trichromatic color vision
Tryptamine – also called indolamine
Tryptophan
Twin study research
Two-point threshold
Tyrosine (amino acid)
Unipolar neurons
Unmyelinated C-fibers
V1
Valid = measure what you think you’re measuring (working clock)
Varicella (chickenpox)
Varicosities (enlarged portions of veins)
Vasoconstrictor
Vasopressin (ADH, hormone) = constricts blood vessels
Ventral =  toward the belly
Ventral stream
Ventricles
Vesicles
Vicodin
Visceral = close to organ
Visual agnosia = can’t recognize objects
Visual angle = how much of view object occupies
Visual field
Voltage gated Na+ (sodium) channels
Water volume
Wernicke aphasia
White matter
Winnowing
Withdrawal symptoms
Women are gatherers theory
Women experience pain more intensely
Women have more left-right connections
Women need more morphine than men
Women process language in both right and left hemispheres
Women: ten times more white matter
X Cells (p cells)
X chromosome
Xanthine
XX
XY
Y Cells (m cells)
Y chromosome