Escape

Story

There are five things we are going to look at:

• Applied classical conditioning
• Aversion
• Avoidance
• Escape
• PTSD

 

 

Terms

• applied classical conditioning
• aversion
• aversive stimulus
• avoidance
• avoidance paradox
• classical conditioning
• coffee break
• combat neurosis
• Deal or No Deal
• discriminated avoidance experiment
• disinclination
• escape learning
• expectations
• flashback
• framing
• free-operant avoidance learning
• Garcia effect
• Garcia, John
• Kahneman & Tversky
• likelihood of reward
• Little Albert
• loss aversion
• negative reinforcement
• neutral stimulus
• one trial
• PTSD
• Risk aversion
• Rotter, Jullian
• Sauce-bearnaise syndrome
• Seligman, Martin
• shell shock
• size of reward
• sushi
• sweetened water
• taste aversion
• testimonial ads
• Watson, John

Quiz

1. How many trials does taste aversion require:

• a. one
• b. ten
• c. fifty
• d. hundreds

2. Something bad has to happen before you can develop:

• a. assimilation
• b. avoidance
• c. anxiety
• d. trace conditioning

3. PTSD:

• a. occurs only in war
• b. occurs only in men
• c. can be caused by bad dreams
• d. can occur in children

4. Which is the best treatment for PTSD:

• a. dream analysis
• b. discussing parental misdeeds
• c. shock therapy
• d. desensitization

5. Running away from a room filling with smoke is.

• a. avoidance
• b. aversion
• c. escape
• d. common sense

 

1. How many trials does taste aversion require:

• a. one
• b. ten
• c. fifty
• d. hundreds

2. Something bad has to happen before you can develop:

• a. assimilation
• b. avoidance
• c. anxiety
• d. trace conditioning

3. PTSD:

• a. occurs only in war
• b. occurs only in men
• c. can be caused by bad dreams
• d. can occur in children

4. Which is the best treatment for PTSD:

• a. dream analysis
• b. discussing parental misdeeds
• c. shock therapy
• d. desensitization

5. Running away from a room filling with smoke is.

• a. avoidance
• b. aversion
• c. escape
• d. common sense

Notes

1. Applied Classical Conditioning

Watson

• • Little Albert
  • Walter Thompson Advertising
  • Ponds cold cream
  • Maxwell house “coffee break”
  • Testimonials
  • Pebeco toothpaste
  • Seduction, smoking is okay if use Pebeco
  • Advertising

Current examples

2. Aversion

Avoidance : stopping from doing (I control)

Aversion: Strong dislike or disinclination (external control)

Taste Aversion

• • Fairly common
  • Sushi
  • Chemotherapy: associate drug nausea with food
  • Toxic, poisonous or spoiled food
  • Operant or classical conditioning?
  • Not require cognitive awareness
  • One trial
  • Long time between $ and effect
  • Hot dog at lunch, sick at night

Garcia, John

1. 1. Garcia effect
   2. Coincidental, not food caused
   3. Rats given sweetened water before radiation
   4. 3 groups
   5. No radiation            chose sweet.   80%
   6. Mild radiation          mix                40%
   7. Strong radiation       tap                  10%
   8. Choice of sweetened or tap water
   9. Moral: stimulus used in classical conditioning matters
   10. An internal stimulus produced an internal response while an external stimulus produced an external response; but an external stimulus would not produce an internal response and vice versa

Seligman

• • Sauce-bearmaise syndrome

Risk

• • Prefer outcomes with low uncertainty
  • Even if can get more reward
  • More predictable but less profitable

Rotter

• • Behavior = likelihood and size of reward

Kahneman & Tversky

• • Tend to avoid risk if choice is between gains
  • Seek risks when choice is between losses
  • For example, most people prefer a certain gain of 3,000 to an 80% chance of a gain of 4,000. When posed the same problem, but for losses, most people prefer an 80% chance of a loss of 4,000 to a certain loss of 3,000.
  • Brain
  • Risk aversion in right inferior frontal gyrus
  • Deal or No Deal
  • People are more risk averse in limelight
  • Investors
  • Investors trade more frequently and more speculatively with online trading (instead of phone)

Loss Aversion

• • Prefer avoiding losses
  • Loss preceeds loss aversion
  • Previously experienced (loss)
    • Start another relationship after breakup
  • Expected to happen (risk)
  • Loss aversion is twice as strong as risk
    • Much worse to lose $100 than satisfaction of winning $100
  • Expectations
    • belief about an outcome; can create loss aversion even if nothing bad has happened
  • Framing
    • $5 discount or as a $5 surcharge

3. Avoidance

• Bad experience
• Don’t go back
• Put on sun glasses before going out
• Avoidance parados: no stimulus, so what maintains behavior
• Discriminated avoidance experiment
  • Neutral stimulus (light) is followed by aversive (shock)
  • Press lever to prevent aversive stimulus: avoidance
• Free-operant avoidance learning
  • No neutral stimulus
  • Periodically gets shock unless press lever periodically

4. Escape

• Bad experience
• Get out
• Behavior terminates aversive stimulus
• Cover eyes, cover ears, leave location
• Negative reinforcement
  • Neutral stimulus (light) is followed by aversive (shock)
  • Press lever to terminate aversive stimulus: escape

5. PTSD

• History
  • Shell shock
  • Combat neurosis
  • Mental disorder?
• Traumatic event occurs
  • Most people don’t have symptoms
  • War: 75% no symptoms
• Any person
• Any age
• Symptoms after event
• Symptoms within first 3 months
  • Flashback: relive episode
  • Disorder: cause disruption
• Longer than month
• Heredity?
  • Twins in Vietnam war, more likely
  • Smaller hippocampus more likely
  • Heightened startle response
• Brain
  • High levels of cortisol, can’t reset
  • Low levels of serotonin (regulate emotion)
  • Low levels of dopamine (what’s important)
  • Less active ventromedial areas (regulation of emotion)
  • Smaller hippocampus (emotional memories not processed)
  • May self-medicate with drugs and alcohol

Get Prepared

To do well in this class it is important that you come to class prepared. Class is to help clarify the material. It is not the primary delivery system.

Before coming to class, here is what you need to do. Read the assigned posts, articles and book chapters. Watch the videos. And get an overview of the material with a mind map. It will help you understand how the components relate to each other.

Take notes on all of this material. Come up with three questions you want to ask. Submit your two questions on Canvas and get two points. Ask one in class, if I don’t cover it.

Mind Map

A mind is a diagram of information. It helps you see hierarchies, paths and interrelationships. Mind maps have a circle in the middle and spokes  that radiate out. All of the arms relate back to the central point but can intersect with each other. They can be simple or quite complex.

Here is the TOPIC mind map.

Videos

Some things are better presented in video. Films can cover the same material as a book but produce vastly different experiences. I’m disable with poor vision, so TV, films and videos work much better for me. My doctoral program would have been much easier if journal articles had been made into movies.

Here are the LINK TO videos.

Readings

Some things are better presented in words. I’m sorry I don’t have audio recordings of all the material you need to cover. But I’ve had pretty good luck getting my computer to read to me.

If you happened to be one of those sighted folk, you’ll find these sources even easier to access.

In general, read these quickly, like a novel. I’ll tell you what you need to know. These readings are to give you another voice, the same material but presented in different way.

Here they are the assigned readings in order of importance:

• A
• B
• 3
• And

Class

Go to class.

 

 

 

 

Five Things To Know

Here are 5 things you need remember from this class session. Each class covers a lot of material but I want you to focus on only a few items. Everything is valuable but some things are more important

Read all of the supplemental material you want. Explore everything that catches your fancy but here are five things you need to know:

• Applied classical conditioning
• Aversion
• Avoidance
• Escape
• PTSD

Notes

Here are the class notes for TOPIC.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Key Terms

Here are the terms you need to know about TOPIC.

 

 

 

 

Quiz

It is important to check your progress. Here’s a short quiz for you: TOPIC Quiz

Discussion

Check on Canvas to see if there is a discussion due.

 

 

 

 

Progress Check

Check on Canvas to see if there is a progress check due this week.

 

 

 

Links to Explore

If you want more information on this topic, here are some links to sites you that might interest you.

These are starting places for you, not destinations. Read the posts, look at the resources listed in them and then read those articles. Enjoy!

• Wikipedia:
• And

Summary

Infographic goes here

 

Credit: Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash